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the C»VPT00M GUfDF TO 




LARRY GONICK 
&MARK WHEELIS 



Harper Perennial 

A Division o/HarperCollinsP«Z'/ts^er5 





THt CRDTooN GU/OfTO 




To f^tPROPUCTloN, 

Without which 

OUR subject, 

OUR HUTHOR& 

oUR PCAPeps 
WtoULP HAVE BeEf) 
IMfOSSIRLE... 



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iWle no POTNCTiom PPTl*)eEN Z./I///V/? ('NP 
NOH'UVIN& TRIM06. OVeRVTUINO WAS 5urR>S0P To 
fE AUl'g, A Fit SiIBJFCT of "PIOI-O^IOAU pKEApcH. 



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\im &rom. 

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(\uy scrtoL(\p 5 BOJB/e wt ^Riinmwe ^aw 

fjo ct>f)|Jet^Tiop BEweiJ pcppoDucfiofJ flpp sex. 

TAC- wipe mpptbs BeTu>eefJ a)^)cepTlP^) At>p aipw (a3A^ 



supposeptv 5IJ006H To srWie sivtAPre^T 9^o^)e- 
l\6eR... A|Jp WAAT POK Sec flA</e To Po WTA TAB 
f^rpoOoCTiO/o Of ROCKS V-K 








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TA®PY 
LeAwe^ u^> 

5 U 6 HTLy 

SKefTtCftL. 



wsem? 

taat f/eK 

m>vx AWf 

wmecTiop, 

BOT CoUtO 

uAve 

ouepLoo^ep 

WAS 






4 







m\me\>mT cme, 

(VCCOPWfc To TlW/, 
WHTtJ FEoPoe np^-T 

ifo/n^iCftTec^ 

At>P SAW Tfteifi RefpoWCTIFE 
C'foe cme-uf ait> ftt^- 
lAHrififo (F cue seASoo, 
eiPTri IF AUOTHTP. 









Pou MeAh /, 
L\'f& A Srttep 
EEp... KF ■ ? 



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\T lAUST me coi\»e 

(\6 A 6f?e/VT SHOCK 

TO WSCOkER TAAT 

ivieF AAp somerwiJo 
To yo Uirrn MAKiFt^ 
9AP|K’... IT^ Sftto 
TO FW6 c/iosep 
FI 6 CH(V^ l(^ 
SoaeTV, SoCh ik 

fat(»V w 

TATWI'TI sJits, 

AFp the 

t^’iTRlAftCHT - SOT TAlS 
1^- A WL-O^i SOCK, 
AW) 1>)E WOpT SO 
fPTO MT TAPO:.. 





(vU)(Jfc WITH 
cm^r m iJOTiOf) 
THAT Uf0 

&e&er‘p uKe- 
TH 6 fi(? 4 T REAU-H 
g)^^te 7 IC IpeA- 

AfJP So ^E6(Vt) 









Op. Wc 

meep/Ne" 

ABROERS r®ap 
coiJTRoai|Jfo iPaR 

AWLS' fl\AT|Rb, 
CRCOSIRE) THE 
"pesT" sreciMW'& 
rop RepRcouaoPr 
A»» 6 emRfc 

wp OP Tfte 



Mi 






:^s=^=s-^ 



✓ 2 : 



A pP®p Of 
pRoOp WA, 

Mlp Avhmals 

IRA^ REpDteP 
TP SOlWetMRfc 
poCiLe ijiai'/, 

w mmiH!' 



CWS(RSP 

iiWT^ mnweD 

To ybo? 



ISlO^: 

^ THtom of- 
?^KYiCK 
Tf 



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emuf c<5ep the sme A5 jHe 

AVIMAL fl^pep^>, Meepiufc out utJPe^iPABLe •JTRAl^'^• 
AVp pWTiiJfc om rue pe9T ^ep4. 




THi^- WAPrepep Ai-Mo^r EUep^tteRE IH T«e wopLpi ocpw*/ 
weep7 i>iepe ^papi/auv tuppep ipw rich, 

ppcpucTiue CPop&. Pice, niHe/\T papl£>/, app pat^ iu a^a ; 

W, '^AArt, TOMArce^’, foTAToe^,, APP FefPep^. ip A«epiCA; VAAie, 
PeAPUT^, APP 6(X/RP^> ip AFRICA — ALt ^peciALiy |fApRoi/ep Ay 
APMApe a 




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sex, Too... Tite^'pe 
OU&f 1^97 

NoisH About it 

TAAfO AlJIMALB. 
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W IMpoPTARCe 
Cf POLLmnOH 

RxtefJ pu&T 

MU'iT LARP or 
A noi/im 
Bep?pe IT uoR 
ppopuoe 
pep-TiLe seepe-. 





T«e mi^ 
fApweps mu') 
PlPR'r KRow 
/iwp POUIIJATIOR 
WORKEP-^0 
TA6^ Appep 

Ji^T To Be 

oRTwe^Ape 

eiioe... 

iteeeApe 

RLIRATIRO 
A PATe ?ftLif, 
AWP80D e-C. 



^?UK Pi'X: 

/ ifJAW BIPP 




8 



Tw4 Of ^ci£i>te lOicet.'f /ttu$rpArep 

5i5Le CWftPTEP- i?p.. 






ii 



lU) ^TW, W PATWCH To f/ie 

^ noCK Qf \\16 pATAep W- Lftl^ PAY/vi^Pt; jao>^ 

^AA*1 7'AKe AU Tf^e %f^CKW W Spmo^'' A^)|A'1ALS ft)H Hl/VbeiP, 
lAiUlLE LAl&AlJ W fl/PE ^LACK 0^^£S. TAP >i0 APe 

WOT To IWTEPPPEEP. 












J^Go^^ ftoCK 



JACOB 



LA^Afj'S fiOCK 



•rtie PiPLE PRc^oB. Jacob's FenvuT'/ m&fc cApefi)i.w^ 

y\e 5TPifT£P Tde fi^oi'i- Wiuow Rod^, w "i«ADe ve lOHiTe 
WHICH DiA^’ /W Die W>^; w “^r w/M tle/^ Ti« 
WATepiklfc Hole. 






9 






THE IPCA geKIIJp JACoe'5 

That uire^ UHe. 

B7 5A01UIIJ6 Tue WHITE i|j the 
Wiuow Pops, he 
To BRi/ofa OPT the white ih 
LAPAU'^- PLACK A|0|iyiftLS II 

ma/l ^ii^PATHeTic 







The p5|t)T, get/ET/oALLY ^Peakiho, is thi^: iu wot. the pore 
W-Acp avikhpls specf^Lep cfp^rihb — arp so 
JACOB'S pLoCR iHtpeAsep .' WH'l'?? 




weiL come 
BACK To TA.S 
EATER.' 



HEPS WE SEE ACeopATE AEPET/E OBSePI/AT/pH sipe gy.-iipe 
WITH A hear Total lack of ppperstakpik^ 



4/4^/Y CETTAIHLY 
piph't fer \r!l 






10 




SoMe OTHER 6e^KieTic ireme fpo'*' RfioiewT h»^top4 



the Q^ifiex 
PKoRepep 
“UlMTZlflO' /* 1 IC£, 

R IVlOTftTIOR I^IRICR 

cme^ fUe , ^ 
NJlWN, To ^TftfeOeR 
ARO 0 | 0 P Ifl 





mm 




1 ^^ 




the Hippos- oESEpvEp 

TH/rr cepTAiH 
mw ‘Rusi IH the 

PAMIW.' WOREOV^, 

THO^ CRME TO PEUeiE 

trat cwlpfeij 

llOHeRIT ALL their 

fAPeiOT^' CAAP-AOTERETICS 
"A IWH OF PASe 
PEF^ERT-i CAfl 
E5CAFe m ORlfalN^," 
6>AT TAe LA'A'^ OF 
MARU... 



THE 

OA-iR 

^THF 

STiTOIVI' 





11 




12 



T|te lAO^’T OTEPeF 
6FEEKTweop'( Of 
WERepiTV Tuivr 
OF THE FAMOUS VOCfop 
HlFPOCFArei. 



Trtfoe fouip^, m ^OASOf'ep, 

WEFF rAADF TAP006H00T TAF 

FOPV, WP Tt^e^^ Cou-KTOP /A Tite 

peppopucT/ue op^iAiJ^, 







w?ocmt^ 

mob^nev 

7rt6 (V\(\L6 c^TFi^uHi^ 

ID A 

H^I^ITV C(#l^ 
Ifj th^ s^Air/v. 



a.mi 



At' CoFCfT/Of). F 

^me Of Wk vuce, 

A|op WHew Q^itps 

yjep6 iv\o?e utce moM'5 pap'^ 

pff^fjpep nfibep^6^/viefJ 









13 








U(0f<7pTi/(j^TeLY, Tue 6PeeK wrtose ipE-A9 i|ofi.ue(JCep 

LATeP ^PPATIOIJS «IA^> IJOT B(?poCpAT^, 

ARISTOTI.^. WAglO IT CAMe To scie^, AfilSToTLE 
(Jevgp ltt his i^|JopA|Jce sta^ip i[j tae' hiai^ o>p pi$ 
TA^PIK II 




ARiSToTLe— 'CAULcp "Tiie fePipATETi^." BECAuse He pAcep 

wHite he LecTupep— believpp That all iHHepiwcc emt 
fpo/n the fArHeK- ■ the /halt ^/«gp, nr sa\p, PET^/*i;/oeo 
THE BAEV'S fopM, l»)HiLe THE /«0THEP /MERpEY PRoVIPEp 
The /VWTEPIAL PPoM HIHlOl THE EABp lORS /MApp- 




14 




Ves, tHCPe 65TTIP6 Apoi/fip IT... THIS «eg/nep tc 

\iA?i-V that All CKitppeiJ W6 Ht to ee ... who khouis/ 

WVVHe THIS pek'EALeD SoMe gopccMScioue, uiisjv of- 
ARi6T0TL.e-'s. - the A(JCie>)T (sPepKS pip mkvb povs 

WE Al6>HPY TAAM &PiS. 







6 





17 





T«e 6i?eeic 

W\|JTL£ FA^>'7EP 


A#T way >/(ii/|2. 


EiHWi 







M\o m 
UTTI-E Tft'^Te 
Pf. PKIWPW,. 
Ti'&l fWtppep 
The TeEHH0U)fcY 
(9P PEAtH 
ToTfle 
<7C/g-iJCe Of 
Life 




WDptfEPffeP 
ME... I /MU^T 

ee fAcififc 

T^e lAi^ojJG 

V > 





18 




^cietice 

fWW- THeopft 
Wh To Mdpe 

U5T^ Of “iviop^-rR()(5 



Of 

[AM wao 6f 
HUllJf — POT 



ifim m peTo 
onNKfe Of ^.topie^ 
LIKf H(U fl COU! 

fW,L||Jb (^(V> 

%Nev IP I' 
TftuHCf^PP ? 









ft 






m 

fel 






32’^'^ 

^ «•«&?■ 



vMi 



S5^. 



Tne^e'5 THf 
CUMJCf IT W/\1> JU9T 
ft TfU- me ... OP 
60ivif(?p^4 \Pfft of 
N Joff.. 




19 










Opi^plpIVM^ 

W'lh w &{£en^, 
Ti»i^ i«p»^ m 



9ei\er THAT 

W/H(> 

omHIBfilS 



Coucp . 



^oM tJOjJ- 

LNiti^’ mrep- 




|V\|\<b60r'& IA58E 
9fPD6&? TO Com 
PKAWfc 

MeAT... HCP^^AIg 
TPFf»eP IPTO 
^m>- Art? . 
rtice, Art? 

pOT«(rt> BUT 6i\m 
CoMe fo Llf^? II 



20 




ot-P 

(Vpiviflp 

VO&ii>X 

tm> 



. . <* 

a. o 




iS- 



\{i flOT HftPp To 
llVIWfie WKY 
£,fofni^£»^ 

Ifi 1^ WDP^-P 
Wl€Ke SUivif 
i/j^p Common 1 
OIJP ^Al^> IT 

evepf pftv! 












'ioo ^ fr01>) ?EliEf IH ■5pC)^>7^HB^W 

^6(JePI\TlO(^ WTf< 

'■66f)BTId" THIK)\<1(J6? IF (\ n?<?£, 
COM^ PP0|V\ ^LlWe, IT ^ 

poK+i'T (v\^Ke Much j^S 

To TW HWWT 
IPHepitep QUMme6, 



tm. 



BUT- lfe SCieiJC^ IV\HPC(tp^ op" 




HPP IPW 
CeHTUP*/, H SIMPLE 
exfppiMejjT 
SU(m6fuuY 
CHHaepw 

6>PfJepAT/cf. 



21 





THe ELE6-AWT 
^ 7 e/VI£l^)STpATlO^I 
WAS fgRfppiVlK) 

itauam 

PHAHcesco 

Repr 



fLAcep fiece^^ 
i^eAt l^J jAp-i... ^t)/ne (?p Tftg 
CAVPeD limt-Y usHf' CHee^e- 
CtOfA l£Ml)b W REST 

0Pe|J To W pT|e6.- 




aiP 

OP ^ 




Aprep SO/VI& timp hap Passcp, 

p.epl fi>UN)p |VIA6^^T^ Of>iM IP 
THe ^??eH 1AR6. 




Ine tAi\6w>Ti. 6peu), 'S-TipfphJep itHo 
a)coo^)s, App ntJAu-Y as 

ppu.'f fPTMEp pues! 



V. 




TfruS, Rew HAP 6(toWp TAAr 
WAfefcoT^ Col% PRoI'A Pues, APP 
fn^ CPM 6 f^PM |rtA<s(!)PTS. 
UPTfdpfc VlSIBPP HAP PEPV ^ 
%oRTA(JPWLY ^PlJPPAia)" 

W RpTTiHt’ MPAt ■" 



22 




'Hh 5 IMPLC 

exceLLeHT B>igfiecf 

^AU-y— teeuid^Hopic 
'fiJUoweD TTte ufe 
Hi^W;e 6 Of- W10U6 
5 WAUU CFeAwes. 

TA 6 f LBt \^. A 

ClA?>^>iC I' 



“TAi^ IrtiMure ahp 

pespieet) c/?eAT(^; 

[He wfoTei "\b 
WtA A^ fiftPfT A 

l|u \T6 Kipp 

wy wee AhUWAe;- 







: .1 











TH^ PtJTCft 5ciefiT(^T 
|VM\p& TlOO MPRe 
opePT pi-7a)i/ef?iB^ 


















:y ^ 









X ^-s 

a'' 

V'/ 



W (fc Pwvw 
# of 

ecwfiipb 6eMfp, 
LeewitofK 'Ji'w 

Miluoh'^ Of Trt^ 
■l(f>( “UX^^MS" 




one (016HT THIVr 

I' Wttote 

C^n op I/UOPM-J...CP TpftT 

IT PfAUW WRO^)^ ipeft 6 ... 
foF iiJ^>TMi«6, teeun<ep(««K 
lAiMW e/v:n 

CPU- O))nmo p* ooiv\fLcig 
nsw in 

fftiPlPTURB- 



The OBVioo'b problem was •• 

\f THIS ”PR6-P’PI"eP' 
Op&MJISM B BoV, IT 
MUST ftLpeftPV I'AVE TIIJT 
testicles, IHHICH I^IOUUP 

COMTWW MinlATORE 
SPPPM, WHICH WOUCP 
EACH HAVE EVET) TipieR 
PBe?BRMep ORPAMisms... 

AP mPpiTUM ET 
APSUBPOA\ HI 




26 




iOfib TALK/F<» ) 



LewMe ^ 
o^ 6 >/V^ 

i‘it 

$CieNT(f(C. - ^ 




Va ^ 











WlLLlAIVl 

^ i\>^^8'\le^i) 9rmw 

W pBl/&U?pMe(JT 
Of THe CHICK EMBP'IO 
PM? wiiJcep 

WtAsecf that all 

AV)iMAu> iv\u&t eo/vie 
FPo/v\ "ex 
ovo OAIHIA," He $AI 7 = 
"OUT Of efefo, All," 



27 



pefcAM TAe HuiJT f«e Mfl/nnuflUm e6& 



Hefep^APep tap 
K lp(b To LeT fiw 
LOOK pop fiftAIV\MAL 
6666 ||0 Tpe POi/AL- 
P6BP PARK - Pozeps 
OP pi46ECTep peep 
LATep, AApvev pAp 
To Ap/« 1 T FAILUpe. 



isibr- 

6UK4 I'OAIO 
l\M ^6^,... 






eK oi/o 
p/yieier! 







pop 2 C 0 HeAP^ THE 
HURT KEPT op... App 
6T/6C poope cpoep 
locate Tpe BU/6IVE 

P66. 



POT AAPD To see w pot pot opes is the IWMimauAP ^ 

E66. WtCROSeop/c, IT'S ALSO FAlfiLS RARE... ^ 



iwStpel! 




IAAPPAOS tai' 

ve^ fW eofos-. 

A HUMAA FEI«AtE 
Fpopoces opi-s 
ope A MOPIH, 

IP CopTfAST 
TOTAElWAte 
App AIS 

Te^ op tAlLUOfiS 
Of spepM 
CPLL6 . 





euT Tfte 

iwevT cxJ-Tnefie were 

SOUP KCASOfi^- fDR 

?eueWto 6 MAmmfti.s 
HAD WE 
PVARlfe AHD CA/IPUCT6. 
IT wouup ee Pi?i6TTM 
S\a'< jJoTTo AAve 
Too ■ 



are 

JPST HIEK^Y 
Dvlowet) , , 

. CHiciceH^' 







^ ' V* 



Tl® 0(iv{ ReMMiJiRb ^ 
RIPPLE WAS AMSWep^ ^ 
mi> OiCfip. U£-flTU)l& \ 
Oe^BZW THAT • 

fepflUxAfiON ^ 
DDKS Tftfe UtJioP Of \ 
A SlH&Le SF 6 RM i 

l»MA A S(P 6 (jE I 






\i 



..2 

(^(jy 




nl 



*'•* *■ 



I 






< t 






iin 



M / 












29 





So/vie- 
HAP PpPtJ 
IP 

Qvesr{o(J Of 



S'' 
IP ’ 




sexy A U PATUBP Of 
PLAPT5 HftP peep 
LAR^^f Re^oevop 
cmeKARm 

(Ifct5-I720, 
pAMP ^£X)pp6 

uKe A blapt- 



CAiv\epfiBiu€. SHDwep Taat pu>wrs pope oroapp 

(^OlTP UkB THoPe Of aw(/MAL6. 



/ APPTrtPI PW 
/ THe/v\ RI6HT IP 
1 Tile AlP- 
V suAiMepuLi . 





30 





LlKe lU |iNi(Wfti,s. Tite To 

W P904l PiTTACJHe^. 



Tt»^5)0^ 
(of PdPT cf 
IT)TF^ 
PE(J6TF/^ 




6^ 

To pevetop 




J«^>T TO 

compucPTC 

mTeK^, 

WW fLOO^ 
HAve w 
(V^ftLe ft()p 
ftMftLg 

^v)^) THEP 
CAP j^iU'ze 
THeMfEtPK-. 





Pi The 

^RLi \gOd% POTF 
pLAplT^ WP AptMAE'’ 
imeFE KHW To ?6 
e^vAL- Tpe MALE 
CepTRlPOTEP ?0U^ OR 
SfgpM ; Tt« f^MALE EE^- 
APP epOpTApeOUS ^EgApop 
OP \TE LA^T 
— ALAWET.. 




31 








TO 

Km> 

OR. 

NOT 

to 

BREED 




ITB AU 
TAU< 
/\PoUT 5CieKIiS«i 

tey 

TH& fRACWL 
geiJeTi CI5T4.- 



yAMELH, Tfie 
(W 

SToCKftR^ei?'. 
WHO PIP AU, 

iiewv{ 

WOPK OUT 
H^Tfte 
fiap&. 





^TAEM.W 

moi ceW 
WA^ Atso ft 
Dfte Of- 

VficKbUeft lAAeji 
ygACTicAl 

Of 

yJoc/u? 

mVj OB 

DWeCTtV, 
Tow ' 
W,cbV&^, of 
TH e am- 



32 



66 E wuftT wv ALi^eW vcwew' fROM ex?e^iet>ce- 



I 



som 6 rme vam^ws fjeARty alwav^ 
epeep true, their <?Ff¥ff?lh)<& ^lAV/^lE’ 

Be ^>AMe enARAcrepi^Tic^ as TH0P ■ 
TAReiJTS. SOME COlWMOp 
m lAAcjiipTosH A?Ptes, akapiah t»Rse> 
LA^RAPW ReTRieVFpS, ?eofLE WITA 
i&uve eves, ere ere ere.. 




o(J TneoT«ep-,AAr)p, 6oAie 
B-RegPllJfc fipueP'j &B 01 U (SREAT 
VAPlATlPA'- OACO&'s noeK IS 
AR exAivipee of vAPiAPee ^ 
Color, pwee idib wowk efes 
CAP PAve ewL f^ep cmLPRev- 



IT IS 

f SOMETIMES 

foSSiALE TO 

V' /watE parewts 

PRoM TWO PIFFERERT 

vaRieti^ to form 

HYARIW. 

FOR EXAMPLE, A 
mule is HALF HORSE 

arp half pom<ei. 
OF COURSE, rot Au 
VWgpiOS ARE 
Possible !!' 



wpossiAte AVePipS'- 



fifo/Tpee 




33 





H'lWipS WCOLT 

TofpeDICT.THBY 
!'''(''< Seei'ft VHJTUftLLV 
IPEl^TlCflL Tf ONe 
fflfWT ^)R T}(eY 
W tD^Y>ffe 
mwKeSf Of- mi\— 
(\>10 WfeiJ fHWV^ 
PBEep I/JITB 
Tie ResuT 15 
VWllwioiJ |(J The 
eXTfie/»ig II 






a ALL VApeT(e<7, 
ei/evj 5>T/iPLe 
^ WE5, OCLAt)WNALLy 

ppopyce "PORTS' - 
CffiRpiVb PlffBReiJT 
fAo/v\ emteH fflfiepr. 

ePft^LY \mCTlvC 

"lAoiibTRoen^".- 





WT soyieriAtes rue 
spopr DifttiK ofiii 
SLlt-HTLy, milp 
T i® 5Tuegy- ue^EEp 
W WHlCA 
AfpeAfiep Nwpp 
\?M. 



34 




r CROSSlfifc Ttte^ WlTiJ 

NoRfflftt T'rt^, Cle^lTURV fAR^IfePS 
Hftp (fti'tiftgec) ^o cpe/iTe sei^Rfli- fiew 

5-nvpLE vABier/E^. Hou tvfes 

mP(\, m STRAWeefiRieS, 

cAme, w sTuew-i^^ > 
Snege- 4 







Rl^T IT HP'S ?TILL ft MATreR 
OP TPIRL. AW) PfipfR... IT 
PlDji'T (\UWftYS IVOBK- 

m so to 

DJOWPPR r TRgRe cAifeWT 
pe A seiepTmc way 
Of ^etCCT/Afc 

APV(\|'-“ '“■’' 

WIT 

C(5BATe fieiF 
VWeTlE-6 



IF m eolip > 

pfiepp ft Six-ieofi^ 
VioRse, mV 
CLfAR yf IB y 

6t,oe! y 



F AW A ' 
-niREE-teo^ep 
ttUAip*) CoOOP 

WT (rtS Foot 
w rtis (AootA 



pe^P/jig A 6000 
Of work; no IWlv 6f|«pflL 
Of iN\»fRiTAv)ce w 
Pl^fooej^, 



S 0 /M 6 iNuesTifcAToR^. coNfusep TAE/«fieLoes ey cfloss/iufc 
PReep^. tAAT pippepop ip ma|dv chapactori^-t?c4 .. 



// 



■tr/j 






OTHOP& fAlLOO 

TO Keep a 
CApefou Count 
op TAe NUMeeK 

Of vApieties 
pRopocep 
fPOMeAcf 
CROiS. 



4 









lN\)eH), T(<e wofce/fl seewcp 
Weuess- crapualw eciePTiSf’ 
6Ave up TftY'f 0 And wpep To 
PA^'OR ?Ro()UeiVl& • ANo TAAT IS (oHV, 
W6fi tho Of ipn^rAvco weRg 

fipALLY fioopep our Tie 
pi^copeBY WAS /fepopep fop 

TikfiTV YeAR&... 



36 












fto 

UUM 



Fifty Ye/iPs of Pes^toi 

RAP fAlLcP To RFP 
A>V PRecise i.A«/ Of 
l^iRepirAiJCg. OPMOU6UY 
PlscoveRijoo TRe pi^ht 
f^RMA If^ fbswie 

WAF) R Jo 6 fiaWRiufe 



AS IT AAfpeioeP, A 
lAlRAClP OF LUCK. 



Ho WPFR IT RAffW (R A MOUA^TePV. 




37 






yoT ji/$r /»K 

mimjf ij-AFpefiep, 

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vi^epE pLp/tiP, 
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THefie v)efie weeppeA^ AppyeupW’, feRE/ s^-coAts app 

WWte‘, WRITE FTOlAERg A()p PWLE. THE^ WppE OiFFeREPCES 

ftitpe Cou* op the wpife ?op5, the coLop of eeep 

AL-PPiAiP Apip Tpe ?p6iti0H of THE FLoWeRE-. 



38 



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mu Mftte 

mmrvz 

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39 





[ (i&peCi fiP'bT pei-vir wfts Trie w^epy of 
i^oinmNce. wwi rtAfpewep a t/ii-i- P/.fV'r i»ws cpo^ 
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pReepifiL? 

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40 



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heopr oiof wi (p> 
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(jefwucp). 



46 




S fftevJoet fftpioe e(?o^>ses 

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'^WO CAA<lACTet?l6'Tl<;$ — ^AMPie, 

A TAU- ?LMJT WTA SMOOTA AAP 
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AfJO SMooTHlOe^^- WPLATEp $£>W^W, 
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47 




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Tue W HflMtr 
ftW) SMPOTKPe^S 
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(\s>u)frm^r- ta 



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48 



p<?u) TrtftT wevg Seep 
Hon) &ep&> liuoRK, . 
HEPe'6 /> m (?r 
6^TIC6 JAR60H. 

1 |J case W 6H<5WP 
EVER WW TO 
&Avesppop A 
mc»p®m &e\>eTici9r: 




TwS ^ W Peoc\ 
HeAps 0ierHA/ir \ 

BUCKS. PAW... W6(?e I 
TALkino peco/oeinfur I 
WHK AwwiJk, / 

PRore^^rop. . 



lOetL... NOT 7?wr KinP 
Of MMp-- 



Gepericiers pistin^oish 

An ppe-ANKlA'S 

FHeHOTyFe - what it 

LOOKS Like - APD its 

sencrype- waat 
alleles ir AAs. 





<3^ 



SAAie 

fAENoTypE, 

DlffBpeNT 

GeMoTVpe 




AN OpIsANISM IS 

Ho/Mry&ous with 

ReSPECr TO A 

&IVEN &m> If its 

Into ALLOOS Ak 
THE ANP 
f\FWRoz.Ye>0(Jf> 

If TAey'FE 
Plff^^. 





AoMozy^ous 



Ss 

HETEPoZy^OOS 



So Now i/oo KNOW 
WHAT A seNETlClST 
MEAN& Ef 

"PHENoTfPKALLY SiviOOTH, 

6EA<0TfPICALLV 

HETeROZVOOOS." 





49 












0U) 





Alleges. 



5 





\f Hov ft 
PHg^'OTVPF, HOtUCAP 
Tat If it'6 a 







Pop 1(J^TA|JC6 1IJ HW|)& BPCW ep65 ARC po/vif|JAPr OMSP 
pt-ue. <^ALL TAe gffJes ^ w> t>, fiespecT/wetv- 





W CA|J WP m If 
TAI6 pgw- pya> (^p60f) 
ii> pp op % ? 



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CKO^ Aim WITA A 
Rece^wE iWMozy^pCTf 
(.f., A PLUf-fVfP 

pep^, Wk 




o.K~ wdL use soMeeopy 




If AW Of TA£ UTTCe 

HVepiDS AAS BLUE eyes, 

Tile BRoiiijj-evep pareat most 
HA ve A mei?ozy6ore 
BU ip Ae AAd W bp, 

ALL Tie CRlLDPeA W01.V 
APV6' BeeA wnn 

BROlUp 



51 





Pbp exAWLE-, /ttV FIP&T 

w\fe Bf?0|AP eytfc, IVP I HAVP 
^es. ope oe oup so^i^> 

HAS puue eyes-, e^oiop 

ey^. Tuepefope, iwy np^r 
ynfe MUST Be HereRoz-sb^i^- 
ffle?iue'Pi'ep poy mi^t haue 
^xje Au^F rpwi HcR -i 
TFV Po|p6^ THE 5<?0ARe! 





MV SECOpP WlfE HAS BLUE eVeS tlKE ME. IF OUR CHltP HAP 

i^RouR eves, lUHftr i>)ooep i»e make of that ? better 




52 




of 0 OfM^l^^JT (MK) 
secesswe 

i(j Huimi'fife •• 




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PPMluf+iT Ol/^B 

evf^- 

^ Color VWR 16. 

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w Po/MiPAFT ovep 
opes. 

^ TKE- A6IUTV To CORL 
iiie Totifcof I'? powipW 

ovep ipe IP^B 1 U 1 Y ro 
Co«L Ttte ToP6i>e- 

<&' exTRiv Wfcf6. «e 
“ powipivr ovCF w ,v 
flpfceife LOOP wffoe.v 

ooueu P(«e Of fm^ves 

ALSO CA05E SUCA 
Rpise' DlSl5^$e5. As peMo - 

fPILIA, 3ICKL6 <m AlJeM(^, 

TAV-SAOH syUPfioMf , 
TuALAssewA, pwnsM- 




53 






^>'1 PWlPAL 




f Hepep'TApy m 

I5Y 

I^ETAIIJ sm 1PEFTI7V IP 
HygfiiP£>. defies m pa/ep 
RLCPPED 



w 



COMfRcivlisg 

wiii' Bece^ii/K'. 





% FACA APW-T 0R6API5IM 
HAS tuk> of/es Of eAot 
6epe -'Opf fficiM faca fAfi^V. 
wife) ^ouev ofi 5 F^m wp 
ARF PRoPi^cex), Hiev 
EACH GfV. 




0P6 fCRl" ('AtteU') I’f 

^ A 6FPe WAY pe ^ 

PO/vl/Mfh' ow A>»w 

BPT f?ecf56i\/e WF wit-L 

W op lATFR !.' 

Seperl 





Wu SRORTw THAT PCT Au Tuese po/tif$ Afie exAc-rtr 
f' ^ oopitecr... poMipAAte 19 so/Hpnivies opup pAfl-nAf.... THFpe 
Afif ORFApi^MS WITAOPLY A SlPt>LF SET Cf^fS-APD SOME WIW 
fOUR SFT^.. AW> PFVlATiPPS fROiH iHPepaipcfT ASSoRTAlEPT To/?P 
OOP p BFW l*'^P^12TApr. 



54 






WfPRTUJ^ATeW, 

WBwy ztm 

moRb:. it nftP 
we pyj oe FAsw... 
Aiip, am 

\<m, Piao6C5rs 
HAD Beep pisTPA^rep 
BY the peu) Theory 

Of iVOl.ljTtOi4, 
APPCOPLPIJ'T Be 
BOl><EpEP WITH 

mwa’s a?wiops. 




BV T(ie Tiivie weppee piep, tae sqeHTifiic comwitv h/io icTfloy 
?t)RE?OTTEP Hie WK- “W TWE WIEL COME/ HE Sftip, ^»r 
wpe Befpf?e Hie peath ip i&SH... 




55 






T0B 




oao 



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/v^Leci^p, c’TrteRs 

|M Trte /^/cpc wpRLp. 



i:vieem 
Of , 
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W ll" 

fi>FAKrao "rHAT yiu 

Llwv^ 

(\Re MApe up 
opcei^i,^— , 
Put TW6 WA^F T 
fl/t-LY AP' I 

me 

T^^g L-Pre- 

Z^*' ceHTuPT 



AS fiVR BAC« AS TftC (Aco's, 
ROP0?rtWJAig UeiS-iro5) 
NOTTcep Tile ceu-uLPiR 

STRt'CTPKe (jp CoRIC. 

B«T IT WASN'T UNTIL M 

leoo^ taat scieuTi^T-J, 
Apwep With eeTrefi 

tAiCRpscofe^, ReAM2ft> 

taAt all cr US ARe 

PIVIP^ ItTO LlTTce 
CoAlfAfrrwcNTg’. 



HAP 



ill 






56 



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Ti^it-UW6 eetL^ . 

^?Tl'ep C(?eAWfc6, -ii'CA 
As pftoTO^A, 

(2)/'6bT (?f A 
C^. Co/H^ It) 

Aa SAAfeS w Si:ie*. 







/IS (v\icfftisco?es , 
iMfpoi/ep, Tie Celts 
|MTE|?|v)f^L sTf?yCTuf?e 

lime 

Wfts TFP HL'CUO& - 

l^v IVlTMlF THE I 

^UCLtiiS WAS 

so(vleTHl^Jfc wei/2p.- 

J1/6T eef®f?E C£Lt 

50/Hg Sf«>RT 

4TFIK6Y ^eJKTe soppily 
poHgiep, 

AHOTrteH VA/HSH3>! 

iivepe PPPeep 

"CH!iom 60 /ne:^" /, 

AfJP W0<E TH5 mSF // 

Of MlW P®At& // // 

W IIKC .. \ V 

CWAIfoHfKoMl^eS- \y ^ 

TH0f WTKPiALlle fl®Al / 7^ 

PI^AfpeAF- /( JHevHC* 

\ wire 

A Alii-(r4(/t»' 



Ciw/tto««e5, 






u ^.le Vap eia0r 

^-j "'ceus: 







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IT WAS pHAay A^fesc)— 
CHfof'loSo/'lES Re/VU-T 

pe MATeRiAu-Je op pi-s^oue 
TAOfpe Just too ^/r/AA/y 
Most op tap ii«e is pp 

l/iSieie WITH A CWp/TiOlJAl 
ivkcfiogcope. ppR/fie cpu- 
PlM6(oA', tv»w0EF, iftey 
1:55/4 i/P^ TWCtC 

TO see. 



58 



careful 5tupV RO'EALflP WT HApfe|JS To CRRoMoSoweS 

pupi|J6 cat piw5/oF>- 



f IP5T- WAt6 <5TIUL I^VI^iete- 
Twe CftpoAloSo/Kiet) pi/PtifATE 
-men&ELvE^’. atiachco 

AT A Sftrr CAOeU Tc: 




THE /rtp/nppAHE ABooHP THE 
(Juaeus piWLves, AUu A 
FI6WH)5 sntISfLe 
WHICH THe CHPOM09UME6 





Tte C6^m?oA^6R;S PlVipr A4 
THE 1%^ T06 TSe 

CHROM060ME fA|p5 APApT. 




The cHpoAio'so/vig^ APPwe 
AT TH6 oppcjsrre PoLe^>, 
TUB' E?J^)ULE TXEfef?^. 




T«^ MICLEAF (HtMepAHE PE- 

R)RiW«7 ; the CHfijMOSCVHEE 

VN/Win;p iHfp WP 

T«e mj- piviues>. 




TW'E PF0CE5& CALLeT 



59 




W fROCe^ op MITOSIS. eXT(<gMW 

IT ^gypes thw gvenv wcm-ER' 
ceit (^h A f^jgCT (VP coMoere set 
op CWoMOSoWeS. |U pAR-nCOLAR, trc 

Nm^^R OF eWoMO^FIgg unu ge TRe 
SAMP \p pvgW eat . PAcR sfgc(K ra$ <t 5 
CAAAACtefilSxit QtjtoMOSoMe' jOyMPFR 



t«u)4G>on& 6 











CM 3^ 



GOLP 

P^H 






Vi 90 WPf/ 

HW HOTioep 
TRAT Att 

WUMRgP^ 

we e\/eti. 




THAT follJR 



To Titg 
CWt>W) 6 ^^ 

teTue 

WeftAe 



OF(teR 0 OtTV 

itsap/ 




60 




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sitm AMP m 

SWttE CEUS With 

MOHPer, <f 



O C O O O OOO OOOOOOOOOOO 

^ //( f / I I / I t I \ ' \ 






LN 




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T[te s?6P)*\ w e66- 
\ T»te 65RM (XUS, op 

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// Apt PU w - each 

/ CARBlt6 A half set 

op CHP0/«050M6S. 



0- f02TfU7AT(^Y5, TH6IP 

MUCL0 Wite, eiVlHfc 

H PW'*' 

coMfLewepr op a«iofio?oMe;. 
PROW Tte cat 

Alt OW^ PI (AilDSIS. 






61 









Moi2K)'/eP, IT luAf, 

Tfie 

fMCm liOiaiAM awf’ 
||0 1 ^ 07 .) TkM C^C(^ 

\ (yiRoMoSoMe R?oM 
l\ TKe Sfi^M CA(J 9e 

\\ (<nKlcm WITH Z' 

I VlPTl/ZiLY IpOTCAL 

// oiJe «?oiA 

^ (1V4 EASieg To See W 

fHeY'(*^Wt® M>p 

OornKjev.') 



Thus, ^ I^^AUT PiLP6M)V TW^ C^Pies- of em^f 

(WoMo^oMe IP w C^U-. TH^e A«f OAll® ■Homco6ov6 
Pfil/^^"-^'moiobM‘^' iH^WPO ‘s/iMO sHivee." 



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23* HWOU>OOOS f^IRo, : 0^e(l f/V|(2 C0H&7 

rAOW P# off f?oM pftp. 





*-wiTn ope excePTiofJ, 
uocit. exawiJ t-to! 



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62 



F(?oce^, CNxev /ne/osfs, /<- i^cru/Ku^ a poubl^ 

PIVI^>IO^J■ 

AS IN miTOSIS TAB O/f^OfAO^^ WJ THe^l Trie ffmOL-(>&C06 
poupiB f^p 'mii*0j - CrifU>Al05^)Aies pa;/? «?=- 

5cvMgrtpi»i; 




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neep^ 

fWrtl 

^nptkb 

Olpp/ri05Q/Me 

qvARTm. 
(“TeTcriP^ ) 
UNB OP- 



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18H> UT(3P() 





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APe &BpAFftr®. 
Note Trie // 

fppM 
M\T06|*! 



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V^i5riR, Art> NBW 
wriPLCfe fep/i'Tiie oth^ wai/. 




trie TfetJ 

sepApAiE, a<7 ip IHIT05I6. 





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yu'Tri H/iCR 
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^ 1 / 4 . 6 'M W’ 

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iii/Hi^:K cpa \> coi^?LerBi^ Pai^C7pa\. 
rACA ^>p TH^ M0ipATli?p6 
16^ 0?<^AU.Y 




64 









Nte |V\&ic6(4 pifip Mitosis 
, wEPe uioDep'pT<?<5R mioa^-x‘> 
1 To sutmr %^T 

cJtftoMosoMe^ 
kepepiTV... uteY lookup 
/ (\6M(3 per ?prrT6PV^ of 
luftciiiwc^... ppp sciepee 
5'\P<R(M>— PACKI^APP, 

OF MgppPUl 






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ADenPiAvi Mopves F^popiinep-fe aPd fle5ULT^. Ttcy 




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6 ^ HOHOL-OhOJi (OTC 

YMR-i cf ^1 

CKW>MPft)HK) (Oe 

6 ft|\feSftoypep ckx^, ^ 

ftM? ‘3ciem k;J 

KM? m^jae ((/^ 

U 6^T(( I ( 





soco 

WiHi> I 

Tae U6«T‘. 




66 




to 




WiSna?-- 




B6l4AVe U(C6 6efiK>. T/tgy 

pexAlP TA0F IP^RTiY IP Apo W 

se^pefeATe ipoeeeppew 6 ePw cea^ 

m fAAPe. imjet&RB, IT'^ L06/CAI TO 

(\550MP TaAt sePK ue op CHp£>rtt/ 5 «>MK. 

CT^EPB IAD^-T pe WivpV 0 ^ <?P ^Actt ope, 
TACpe IviosT P 6 fAP M^ife 6 epe; 
IjiAP T(te pew OrtKoMo^opes wicac (JP 
VioST 9 p%e^..) 




tpe Di^ccuepy cp itoiAOLo^ou^ pew-W ciwcA® T«e 
cppugciiot) TO fiPPiPfci>. peMefiegp , pAcp cea 

AA^ A Pw Of AOoa^ R>p eepe. 

|ioW If WA 6 pfAU 2 gD THAT' 

i^4a^ THE TWa WPIfS Or 
^Pr" A 6IPEH GENE LIE AT 
^ 7WE same PmNT OA/ 

WLOGOUS CHROMES. 



Tk^a 
Tite 0Tft6E 
CofY Ma4T 
«6 

. Wfe 



AIX Trii'i TW^ our To 
ep TROf ..- eoT opce 
peofte LoOK^ . 
\jeCRLY IP'^'’ I^AffE^i 
T|l^ Pl^eoMEflec A 
Tmpfc^ MfpPfO 
AWT FfAUW- 



67 





Pi cat W ^ 

5 &T 

auw HAFI^OIP-, 

Ofl& TliiO sef 6 6 
CPiUCD P/PiCt?//?. 

cat^ m „ 

DiPtOlD wwtrooP 
Gep/«\^ex) teas 
PPE PAFtoit?. 

nploip 0W>A(J(6«^ lUOJJPe Al-L , 

FWllUAP f/\^MMa6 W\) WP6- fiW ^ ... 

WlWi l|JCU)Fe MAt0^ 

f0i)6t, M>o ivseyjjftt oMg-cata c(!0ATnfia>- 




Ate At5£> 

POLYPiPIl? 0teAB5W4, 

with- lAot-nac spT 6 of 
OtpoMPTOjAe^- A 
SOPfW^lpb f>0W6^ Of 

pte f&tyfaip. . 

(|OOT feA^, TAootH !! ) 




TKf- Oltef? WNP WoeLCIM WlTtt THeOftf 

\uA^ TAe PftPQPus op iMpepaipeKTA^?T>tepi: 

A f^ccise feAsupg op HOW vinonh it (j»te tep 
To TAB A&ILirV To MA? OPT PTAtTt^ mgPf Op -fHfc 

CHteWt^T fAtH Of 1T5 AIIOHT Ll^ - ftW ow... 





To 

{\d^V^/^CTiofj6, 
LeTref?5 ^ov mo 

TO eXPCAIfJ AflO ^epUT 
ftot^ fWwrAfi'f <?u/\L\T/es 
Wdi/lO pe ?A%eo 
To 

6^epAT/oHe>. 



Tt\e^fP^OKE- 
GHOSTS — 
||JFU/BKTiAU 






l^uiA) IT ApFeN?ep taat ^ ? £»® i) (6 

LftT IK 50/ne DfJPeF ALoKfc ^ 

He- CKRoAio^PMe^ oe \ 

EveRf Cett , |\KP THf TWO ( R(;«^ W 1 

OI^ each eene I mpo/to- / 

c)^i TKe Ti^£) ^ J 

Wop\o^otAe^ ce a 

Piomiodf^^ pair . 



f£ 



Po/ipi 






PIC A'lfe’HT ^I^’^IPEP 
Ip IT6 pP^>&lP(.E To 

m^e A 

^rtfiKiK^ juf^T iMHgfe 
OR) 5ACA CApoMP- 
o,c>/vie ALU 

H^pElXTAPY 

Ml^BT Lie 1.1 



•^Tk. 



69 




M wJ^iJep To THIS 
PEpeHpep ofJ H seemipfo 

mpApox, If m 
pespecT /v\e^pecs F/pPr‘^ 
Wpt-iCTep wiTi\ TWe 
PBH/WlOp op 
CHP<’i'^osoMe5 . 




Tpe Fpipicipte OP 
A 6 ^FT/weMT / 



OB6RVE •• The w/npep. op 6et>e^ MPSt pe TRe/nejupous, to 
&oPep|0 A Coiy^PtCK (JRfcApISM , PUT THE (Jl/AiPEp op 
CrtPo/MOSoWes IN A CELL IS PA1RL>1 SAIALL . A VPA PCANT HAS 

Oust 7 / 5^//?5 op CHRoMOSOMeS, A HWAfJ 73 . 




THE p|?cpLBm-- IP TWO 66pes LIP ON 
THE SAME CHRoAIOSoAI6< P/(?«U C/?// 
77 /(PK ^ fNt^£reNPe/JT?? AFT 15 P- 

ALL, CHRO(*10SOMES poN'T BREAK AWT. 

ROTHEM? SAo'^CPWr PIPFEA^T., 
6e|0P^ SO/MET/AIES ^ UHH0P ?? 




W'i'HCAlL'f 

LlNPep-BY Toe 
CHRemoSOME ' 



so-pp 6 eNes , 
ASSORT iNPepEV- 
PPNTLV OR NOT? 



70 



'T 01^ 

To ee op [\ALf'A^^p- miF... 





THTpe i.i(JKA^>e perw^ep 

6eNE5> ... 



CHRoaIOSoM^^ also IfJ A 

&oop PeAL PF $WfiPFf'N£>, 
0? (A^ it' 5 CALLFp") cRosn^iG oven. 




V, 




ii) luu^TPAre, let 5 look 
AT TAF PXAMpL€ OF Trt^ 
ORPifW, WPPF-vApiET'/ 
TmfiTO- 




WTA I*IAP'L)T 

(AkiOUP^m ' 



...AFP Tt^l UOT To EAT 
TAF FXAMFLE PA'r/E 
PTTFR CLAF'b... 



71 



I.--- 

T^Tl/Rg 6 e ^)6 WITH A 
Rec^lM^ ftUei£, », 
WHICH CM^5es H/t//ly fRuiT 
(of ci90i?6f, Vou DoH'r 
ofT^ sgf THe^e- IP 
1H& IMHRK&T I ) 



x\ ^ pew 

a>mtr fm 





Liifei)>ise, Tue Hfi^r eem hh^ h pec^i/e Hime, d 
c^o^>(^>t- pwftRP aHTfr$ 



VoU LH<e 
n’ 



i c-ii^e 
«■ ft a'! 





Tie PesfECTiie 
p«MiiJH|Jr HLiete5 

HRf pT which 
smooth 

fPOIT, HHP 
WHICH (WWe^ 

» TAa FLAHTs. 





WW, PK/ftpF 



T4U- 




siwse MpppeL w^^> pifeHT, w T()e i>'5 weRe itipa^epr 

ormea's. . 



r THftJlKe ^ 
^ HveP'ppfaa^ 

WH)LP MAke 6A' 
tAfTf6 WITH AUL 
CoM^IPATlOP^ 

Of ^6 W 

As- _ s 











CROSSipb I/OITH 
TK6 Wdli 
pee^e^ivg 
p^aa 

^11/6^’ Trtf^’’ 



ffaaOsP<^ 









praa 



i / 






J 




S 



PPM 






/>. 



V S/v\a>Trt, tall 



AAlf^\; TAUU jj. SM^TA, vmr ^ HAIRV, PA'ARr 













iJou) soepo^e p ('fjp <* Lie ofi-jite sm (WciwsoMe^ 
Tji^ Tpe KVfcPiD vfM* IT5 oti ft 

HOMOtofcoo^ pP(\p', 




74 





M 



(\|)p Of 
IWtoV (VW 
SlOe Of TH6 

. waciA'- y 



m cf.0^ 14 
/VCrUAtl-Y MM)6, 

WrtAT poes o^le 
AtruALtY 6PT' A 50^ 
SfLIT pp AP eepAL 
4-WM SPLIT? 




SWT^, T/\U 


AAIRK, TAU 


PU/APf 




fpMd^ 


ppad; 


t>p*'Jldi 


Fp ‘^4., 


^ 48% 






4& /o y 




i?6 eepTAipuY 
Ci«4^ To Tap 
PP eClCTiqp BA46P oA 
U(JlcA6e TaAP TO 
wepppL's. p«T ir 
p APP 4 APP 
LIIJKPP, TA0) 

IPWe PIP TAOSP 

‘J.'/c 0)M6/t)W4 

me pPoivi V 



75 



( JOT TO YPoiOfiia Ttt MH^Tepv - Trig p «r'P M ARS THc 
5AM6 CHP««05oMe, pi^T Cripo/Mo^o/Ugg- CAH 5XCHAN&f &efl^$. 

iT'^ Cfrugp CRosifHe oveR- 



pW?llJ^’ l<\BI0f>6, rtOMOLOfcPe^ 

Llrie UP WlTP (U)RpeSpp(JPIP» 
Ai.Lcte5 ofPo^ne 



AT CepTMP P0(t5T6,seartit)6ir 
‘Crtosep" I'T 
Crip(WP5«*'e?> T5ucj< •■ 




76 





@Wt6 CP09jlH^' 
piscovepBP, \T WA'S 
WCK'IV Speu To PB Ti« 
KBV To OipofiHOSQm^ 

rntriN^- 




That i-i, ' 
Cfo4^ii>(> ouep- 
p?ft?yeficv 
|UCf6?feB5 ', wth 

Dl4TMiCf '■ V 




77 



MAK& A MW IVITMOI/T EVEfe 

(\ 5IN^’LE 6ejJF- 



f|K4T |V\AKe A (JU/HPep Of 
Q?o 44>^ PCTK'egN ltJPl\/IPUAL.‘7 
t7lFifef:|H/(b I^J PAlfif’ 

TPWT^.. 



Scope 

5oAt^ 

TDAiAr^! 



aa sM B 



A ^ c p e f a H 



aCo^ .0^ h?[jaT^ 






•^1 

V M -M ^ 
^ *33 

//vFm 







' X 




yE)JT. tww OFTEP gAEH WlF 
5EP/1FATBP gy 

CW (py FoOKipfc AT Twf 

oriF^-nRitJt?) . I 

TuFp tlOT them CUT; THo56 
M04T CLO^fCy LllJ^g? /; — ■ 

wicu EE cFoyeer ( 



6(TO HI3, (MA?PiN(? KA^ W 
AfPUfiPT^^ A vApierv c?P 

m?^i\ tooo 
HAve ^ /viAfp^ l^) THe 
PACrefilU/vi e, CoCf : Al^'^T 
IN w To/yiAfC): ||J 

House /y^a^ee ...• pMop a p^od 
H uNPi^ep IN nuM/\p 
Aun«>u<H^ rAi6 IAIA6 pove ey 
Fifpej^r 







W W'r 
IXT po 

exfPf^iMeNTf.. 







W 

A 


















,'il' 



m 












St? fWp, we i»Ave pe^ 
iHirtMpfo t?P e^s As 
‘ATOMS OF Ifimirfi^''-^ 
UUCPH><S^/J^i IMMVT/I^Le 
UfJiTs <?F hepeiXTV. 



A SUSpr 
e 5 t,/ 1666 pAW 




NOT OlX'f A(?e 
Mvr/l^l.0, pOT Tfi&i 

PO /M(/r/»7?F FPO/H 
TiMeTDTme,eiNiA)6 
TO eopV((J6 ef^Rcps 
App V API OPS 
EjiviPoUMetTAO 
llJFLUg(JCe 5 . 



79 




T«e$^ MUTATiOlJ^’ -IT 

“ertANfie?.' /p 

UTip- ARb fA(li?LV f?Af?6 -- 
TAB CAftPCe £)p ppOlpfc 
A (V1PTAT(0 (J ip a 
6|IIB|J 6Btoe IP ftp IPDIVIPOAP 



^ IP 




W6M S^Ate 

m mt ?RO|J& TO , 

0(Vi?e W 




pa THIS R(\T&, Tney app up / a h^/v^ ah has sot^\t 
% oo ,( xx > so ljuf ^:arrv ah a'/^A(^ oftia^u 

lAUTATiONS (\?(^ce. 








80 



SaweTlwes, MyTOOMS 
rAefiew Rfeyi-T 
^ H 6 UJ n^cesw^ 
hiieie, m nftii?iiJKft 
ii-i T<?/>iAr(?e&- 
pcN'T see aijvthi)J6 at 

AtL yp-nt Tw 
l(Jpu/»pyAUS W\Ta TA6 
sflivie mptatioio MMe 

TP FW A AOAl£)ZYt>PTfe. 
TrtetJ 




s«vi6T(ivtft> /MUTATORS ARe Coti^i£Teti s/eefiT— pRopue/Rt No 

Change at aul-arp somvmh TPev ause cAAHEes so 
SU6WT AS TP tc SARew peRcmiPte..-. 




81 





IrtUypiTiOHS As^ ^)Or 
|\LU)IV& SfOIJTAUBOUi.. 
F/»R IT. ftLL 

Trte d0(wu fpefwepcv 
Of- Mu-mT/od - 
5uc<4 Afi& 

CAu.ep mrfieeni). 




82 





MUTATiOp |^J &OPV cen^ i$m/^r/C Ceiu^, |\S P13T/^)6T 

ee<?/v^ ceu6^) ms ^ \^\ipL\iev mws 

S^HSe^s THI^ (\WT TffB 

INCLUpiMd? TH^ ?6oee^S Of Pl^isiop. (\LTKOO^A 
Tnei?f Af?6 ^T/tl /VIAV^V ^ ^30Or C/^^iC0f{ IT 

/MVoLVEs Mutation^ tv^at leap the CELLTc?'^Di\/iDf^ 

03T OFCOMTRoL. 



cmoi406^f^ic (tme^i- 

(Miltlfc') — Wicrt Y? !*'»*<¥ twe f%> +Pgt/6 pe<5PLE LOOK 
OUT W tAUf/V^^K f®DniJ^... /vfc W7 SfWLD 

Limit pof Su^)&^T(^1^)L| \f '/m ?/^Le 

Sklf^- L ULT^f^MCL^T L16HT |'7 NTA(SeiJiC .) 





83 




Put Of cou(?6e \TS 

it^ TUe feezes-- 

NOT LON(? I'FTeR 
HOMOLp&OUS 

cwRPMosoiMes uiepe 
piscov^pm 
So|«ePopY NOTiCfP 
I^N fXC6fT<ON> 
HP/MAN |Mfti,es HAWE 
one ffllR THAT <0 
yvor iioi»k?(.o6O06y/ 




NAS CAaep / i Trte swALtep, k 



THe ONLY 0 fN 6 T|c PlffBReNCe BpTWegN (KU/flft|j) MALBS AND 
fei«ALes is>TA'S= 




Twe OTACP OTHER FRKf, Of MoMO‘=OMe$ Afte T(tf SAAIP. 







[,ef6 jy^’T iwAKe 
THIS ffiwces 
A|JO 61PU 
WVB& IH THe 
RI^T A/*loO(Jr&. 











(I'KOSlS fRoPUCes e6t6 CIVRRV/(Jfc K CHRoMosoMe; SftHW 

(\pe B^AULv piv\pep perweeio w k_ 



cT ^ 



Y 



XY 



XX XX 



XX 






6lf?L9 











ItoijDBveF, Ttte 

u|\sic ^fJBTic tfueefipp 

ReWAl^JS-- IWICH 

SENes /v?f pesf»>)si6te 

Fo(?W?, 

l-p IT Ttte / CHft>MoSavie 

TnW MAKeS A 
MAue, OR poes it 
TA»<e A DOORie 

Pose of X TO 

MA\l« A f6(«ACe? 

HHAT WWOP HApr^ 

■R> OOMfPOpy HiTA 

7Zo<? ^ cwioivioso/vies 
/Wr A V 




THl^ ACTOAot/V 
AAfreus !! V 




TAese (fuesjioiJ^ ARe A|JS(»eRH> by lvm 
AT CAses Of moe/S- soivifriMes 
TweRe 18 Ah epRoA iw /makiho sf^M; 












f\mm 's Tfte WeR oPMenJ/vticp XKK 

w(/omci\ 0OWR6 iH ^W'\ ofit eiiRTrt ih ^ troij&app. xyy chiuW 
0RO(;J up T <7 B6 (JopftVlL l¥LEe> — eXcePT T«AT TT^y ew> Of 
IN ARoOr 77 /K^# Av>/?e OpTi^ W 1]|g i>F 

Tue fippuXATlON- 9^^'X ’y% oe H.i WSoN^ H/Wg 
^TRA V (MtRomog£)/vie. Some SaV •• 




( T«e C7?W|(JAC A 
I KAFVOP/rew 



jtpfPfOTMfe ' AN 0fiiJA|Jl6/H & fATT^RP of 




Mot>T eepexctgTg iNOoiA) 66= MoPecfiOTioOi.. Ti*epA$T 

fAAJoP'Tt 9? Of XYY tAAteS APe fiOT In 
?pl' 70 f)... 5 <? IT’^ IfAfoSme TO 9 AY TaAT THf XYV 
fuAKYOTYfP cpWinAuti ( 




88 









fMm*sd 



MOT iJecet>wio[. sex oenmi 
(JIVW ^ KIXpPL® PU- ^oFTS 
Of TW30^^< AIAW, WM 
1'Avf TifT 
^ Vo- 




eoT MiDfio Pipp^ iV? -Just jne 
OPpoi^iW — 



ly J. > xY= 

(v\A(^^ 

h[>X> ^ ^ALL^ 

MAUe^ fpo/Y\ 

HPiFiOfPy 

?IFiOIQ^ (^ (^MAte 
(TKe v?\6rr opine 

oTA^u)i^, nS)e 

5e>^ Ct^ 0 /V\ 050 M^. — 



ujia lou 
To Me'^. I ^u^&AP. 
eu4Tep, Lm 

opLi 

tk 0 z ^ ^tieT(Me^‘ 












♦ 1 j 








T«ev Tit^e are THe T(?i/e oppiTie^, i*'ITH 6ev*BT(C 
WFFEReHte /Vp re/MAce at ftu... 

W&\i -me Larva the f«Aie/ivg Wfpw A 

6eTTLE5 7AF PCEAF 

fuopp, IT peveL^)P^> A METep- ) 

LP(Jfa femi^. J , 














IMBH 


IQ 




WRCA M\^ 

ior^\e 

PiMPiee-'? 




simvLY su&Tte... 

Cepr/MR fRoTo"ZoA 
HAM6 T»)0 sexe^>, c 
PVT T(*ey Dlff^ 

O^W IP A Sip6Le 

eeve... TuesE 

OpibAI^MS OSUALLY 

pepRopuc^ AsexwLLY, 

AgJpPipL^ AP 
A?fWR<M6 , 
PARTlJep MOST 

W eA^Y.i 




fS 




ef.ayx m. . 

m ycv A 

PP>A< j 
ME’. y 

( reuL.iwwH 






90 




^ 

Tl'ftT (Vff^Ap TP ^S^X't^INKer-. 




» A fAiLi^c of T;<e clot. ^s^W\l\^L^ cmJ To peATH 

fpoM A cor. 

91 




fpoM TA15 
'fW l^l^rtT 



cof)cu/pe 

That 

(5e(Jp7 LIE 

onTHe/ 

^rtpomo'5«A*5-" 
gtnr i/ot/v 
&e IWR0|J6>// 
ftClVAttY, 
HftviopHiuft, 

coiop- S’l-itvye^, 
P4V tCpEpfrApy 
W-W&^ Ape 
(\a CAOw 



EY >?!?< 
Ame 



'Le5> 
op Tfte 
Ci<poMC40A(el' 




^ TAKe W of ?AlPpe$^ 




The feA^op lPi?)v€P Ape PApeey 
PAtp i^> -mAr ei/fp Ip TWey HAi/e 

rue EALPpe ?6 Autepe op CPE X 
chpoMo^oiwe, THey u ^ ofo.'i haue thc 
pOMlpA^lT PALP Op THC 0 >Tri^ 




The y crtPowosoME ua5 po 
allele pop That at all. 
IP THE AP^-epce- op A Po/«iPAPT 
1 allele, The pece$i>|VE 14. 

I e)L?Re^Et7« 




92 





let's see iw Trtese ceijes /\f?e fASSep ALoioe 



Mfose A 

lOOpWAL liJO/MAp 
(W) HAS 
CrtuPfiEN W 
A PALP IAaP 

(XjALpV ) 



WILD 



'BAIP 







a 



Tue pAU^HTeRS (XftMpK) 

Ape AU- CflRPieps. .. IJOT 

PALP iAemeeLVK>, Tpev ^ll 

CAR^ Tpe eeve- 

TA6 M?e IJORIWAL. 

\\\VlA\ If W MOTneR IS 

;',' ) wwMALiVcu CAH'r 

//yy/// iPraT pALPpess 
FPO/A w fatH^ ! 















Hiin 







.#< 




H(MOPHlUfl foiiows 

W SftMe ppTrepfj. 

TMe MOST R»M0US g)tWPLe 

WAS Vicnm 

OpTfIGOAWP, WHO 
WAS A CAPRieR, 



"THEpe (Jo pe^AoPR of H^MOPBIMA 'W VKtopiA'S 
(xyCE>5’T0P‘7 ^0 we (AAM A^SUMg- THT^ pepECT APTfAF®* 
If HEP 6E|J^ A $f(9|UTA(iE005 MOTAT/oA TAIS HApppf^ 
WITH HpMopHlUA if A|J p^TiMATep 1 oA^e l(J 
<70. 000 TApBPT-5- 




94 





(MOfJb L\^e A|^p 

lou C(^H Th^ ?l\^reFt^ i|j y\c\o^\(!(^ fmiL^ T8ee 



C^fe/wu.e View 

CAW?ieK 

m ? (v\Ate HeowfAiuAc 






fefiAMe 
O'- MAi-E: 



msmm 



Pufcpaf 



CZ/>fCOf 




ViaoftA'S HU/MEFrtM. gRpOP INItPWAPPieP I^IITH tpe P^Val 
H0l)^E$ Of fiJfiofe, 5fPEAl7t[J6 Tpeip MEPICAI FfoflZlAi, 
mo fpU^lA, 5FWfJ, A(jp PFE-PEVOLUTlOfJApY R^'^^IA... 



wait! pout ^ 
^mr! A ^cR^Tcn 
CMP Be fatal ' , 










95 




lA7ia[l3L!3 9 
Vtow ^CIP|JC& I'f'p 
gY the eApLY If" ceiJn^Y: 
IwejJpEU AfJP H6IP5 / 

HAP TOL14HR7 Off AU ^ 

TAo6e OLV fW2i.e^ •• TWe 7 

Rote Of (V\OTH^ Afp FATt^, ( 
THE f^ATi^pE of HYPPlp'^ V 
AfP 'Sp?PT^-7 WATPETepi^lf'Rg 
5f)( , AV’P what CAU^ I 
Tab (^AUTies op Liuro , 

THIlJB-^-.. 




flu tmeye 

pEEf fWAlffP 

(p TePW^ op 

een^B- 

6EfK. AAP BE&> 
LOCATBP, PAAfpep, 
APP TH&K 
TATTEP^I^ Of 
iNUfplfAfCe , ^ 
AVAppZ-fP- 
Off ©UeSTlPI^ 
feMA\ppp ~- 





96 



aw « » awt? 




97 





FpoM VOO ON 

HOW THP GdKlL-l.^ I^> 
M^'Pe Of ceu6 . To 
Wefi^T/ftMO TH6 A-Pfc, ^ 
we'u- H^ve To MAKE 
Of WHAT ®og<> 0(i (N T*'f^ 
T(NM CaeiAicM. fAq-oPI^. 






r 



MOTMJ- 

60p/u,/^ 

Ceuv^> /^PE 
•• • 

T\^B^ 

' ^lOOQ CgU^ 

^e p\f fTepefJf 
f=P^M SKl/^ 
ceiv> 




^HOTKe 

ceu.^ 

of 

eie^, 

KioiJe'ts 

ero 



^l,U 

pifrePE«T 
'^;\ VII 

'ti>> 



98 



§0 



Of W(au:h 

IS RU-eP WITH Al-0 
3DPT5 Of &Jefi 

Tw(^ eopies- 






X’W 'V 



P ^ 



VC 













N 









52 Jk, 









•-)IAAKirt6 WVWIA5 A»lp 60PUI\‘’ e%mf^W< HA8PTO 
fujope OPT .r' ^ 



60U61 X 

$CK>'i cou^iecieo To -Rifc 
gflDc>etASM»c p&TkiUi.uM... 
T*Ae t5^^00V»^.^5^4^c peTfC- 
OU)IA 0oK)A/6CT^ 7c> 
Mi/6u€Ap wgMep/u)e 
. -" fJoc-usA^ 

\ coA/ji/ecfeP TO.- y 

V <;6KS»v^^ 




99 



WHV OIDNT I 

To MAKVA 
A|40 a 

LAWV&tz? 




>1. 



i:^ 



/fo fivcT, Gflp(U>6 AKO ^ 
AP^ 

CDAVeu^AT^P, WT 
fbP^MW 

w^Faip^p 

Of fv^(? UHoeti- 
STAt^Pl*^ TA^ 
MPU^Ci^tAP 6^^ic$ 

Of AHP 



Cjj , 



//^^T^AP, Trtf-V 
-$T(JPIg^ A MPC^^ 
SifA?L0f^ 0P6AAU'^M* 
A T/K'^ CR0ATUP^ 
KV//MG 

Thb ^/AAAP/V — 

T. . - 




100 





W'W’ TO 
TriWtcoP 0*£-repi^ 

(M op 
BUT OPl-l (A^ IT'5 
CH.UAt-L'l CALUEp) 
^CTUAU-Y QOitp 
eeni6N Aflo u*ef^i- 

HK& cqxep BAOep^*-, 

|t> fA|^ 

t.e6& co/«im rm 
-me ceuA of K(6Kep 
uf& R?PM^.. IT 

LpCKS MOST OFTfletR 
IpTgRNftU i?P0Af)lMTi0N, 
ApP \TS CKfAllSTRY, 
mu WLICA1BP 
e^)0U6H, IS MUCH 
SlMfLfR TrtAp that 
OF AfC? PApA|Jl\S. 

IT er's ipsipf 
iJOtJf PF THf^g 
i?0!4/ APP m 
How IT COOKS... 



* * * 

» k* 




* - • ••• 
• • • 




101 





That 

CHRo/rtC/DOMC , 

C0pT<^l|J||J6 THe' 
G^etlC C(\(^'V^\(\L. 
1feMC-lp6 Off T^e 

cnRo/YJ£)6o/ne /\pe 
5o/v\e K>)^ 
?>TPA^HPS »A/lTev 
PO^di^ ?>p^us 
SUPIH6 AWG 

The sire 

oe SoiYie 
ACTlUllM . 



102 





i/J 

GpotiiJO, soMe 
UJ'Rfee, LumPV 
fl]0Le Cites ARe 
%Mp6 (\pfvRT ApC 
?UTT|fJ6 TOfoeTAgR 
VAR|01>3 iOlJC. 

STR||J£H THIP6S, 

W (Mt AROUPO 
APE Tips WTS 
OE RAW (VlftTWiAL 
fipO pLe^3TY 
IWprreB. (CAP'T P<5 
WiTmoot it// ) 






TAI5 'e> TAB ?lCTPPe TC 

OptieRSTAPP. To PO Sft, WelL 
iV/vv/e To 66T 60BP SMALtBR APO 
LOOK AT 6ACA Piece IP TUpP- 



i 









m 






V’l‘,5 

* '»*v 












/ 

M>TP06efJ I 

SopPPlSlMG. AS It MAV SgSM, 
ALH105T EVePtWIf^ IM TWAT 
coMOey Picture is made oe 

t)OST S(K PlPFePEMr eteMEMTS . 




SOt-FLlP- 



IK TA6 C0U. THESE KTOMS APe JO(fieP T&6eTHEp To 

fioPM MOt-eCUl£S- 



The Simplest akp 
A0OJOHNT ey RAP IS 

WATER , 




V 



AHoTHEP S/waul OME IS 
The pyramid- SHA pep 

PHOSPHATB, rot- 



A 6IT DlfefcEP ARB 
The PlWE'SpAPEP 
$U6AR«- This ome 

IS OtVCOdE, CjiSA 



104 







EOT HO&r K'MP& <3P MOL-&fOlSi 
Ik) Tue uwkJ& cm- c'pg e«op«oo^, 

COJJ^lSTllJfo C5f THOUf)A|JP& OF ^ ' ffl 

AT<?»6. THE6F mCRO/nOUCUlSS, ♦ A f 

TFODOtC LAP65, ARF fcefJCKAUV (Sn 

ftlADF ©f &TRli 06 lfJfc TcPfeeiJcgR X-^ ,> T T 

/AAIJM C 0 P 1 && OF IP6WT(C-At 'MT ^ 

SuftuFiTS. ^ 



®vv 




©T'-A 



2) 











S(;(^FW 6 D 
I^V / 
l'« lA HeAl/Of)' 



FotYSfiCCHARtOBS . R>R 
FXAMPte, ARe Oo'iT OH Alps OF 
SUfcAR Wf-eCULFS-TypiOAt- 
PoW‘5AC:c:HARlOK AR6 

STARCH ceilVLOSS- 



m 

m 



f—r^ \ 



"( 



9 

r'@ >'■ 

/ Vv . 



V' \ 

/) H 

A 



Tg) 



)© 



UflP& Ape A CLASS 
OF I'rtope COMPLEX 
MACRo/HOLFCULeS, 
HAvilJt At least Cfe 
w WHICH IS pepacep 

wATFR. lipios 

wm A AlAOOR 
CO/WROpeHT OF 
CFLL /VlFM9pA|JF5 
AMO MCUJV& THF 
AMllV'AU FATS Amp 

veoeTABue CAci. 



105 




Tiu wpe coitxtei, e-i/r mo^’T iuftpijpwT ip feeijejic^, 

' Pfe Tpe /?c/^ ahp rROTei^i>... itf'Tw ao^m 



M puiLoifjfc ei,ocK^f fop 
(oiJaeic (\cit7& Ape 
CALLBP NUCLCOTIP&>. 

if/Pi'^iPUA*' iJPCteoTipe 
vT^af ? (2o[«\fi?pe(JT$- 

A A PHO^HRTP, 

AlJp A LiKe ‘70 — 



SU6/IR 






00 no 

V U^y 



frtO^AT^ 



THese ABe HooKep To^THep to /iaake A Lopph>wp^> 
^UfcAB-FMO^PAATE mKW ^UtA A SaPUeNCe op PA $65 
^TioKipe Ofp= 






- 



- 



■ ETC a 



rm m (^o 

Of 

(juoeojlP ^^ ! 



Tpe si/foAP- rt'A'f ee (>te cf w kiijp^, iabica k luu^rme 

B0?e W\TP00T ALL TpeiB pe^'K'/ HVPROfeeiJ atpm^. (th^ 

MT cluttep up TKe piCTUPe!) ' 




Ki0O% 




Mou Oj^e 






106 



THe ?Wo^i\^je 

f=po(v\ THe 

6 Ufo('R 

LIKE SO.: a 



me'Lt TOUCK THe 

LP>T^ fop. >IO(;D 

W6‘a JU6T ‘?m THERE 
we 9 K 1 KP 5 , WIIKTHE 
KicKKflME^ 4 C,e,r 

mu. 

yj (\HH 6IVEK UUCLEIC 
P^W |V\ACR0lV10LECULE, 

fiu rne wm arc 

THB 5A/ne. 






KUCLeiC ftClW WITH 
Pl? 0 ^e APE CALLep 

Rtmt^cieic AciR, 

OR TW)^ WITH 
ARE 

CAoepp///} (pa>)(v- 

Rieo(JUOEK ftC(D, of 

Course iT. 



\|J WTH PPA A(jp RflA, 

Ue- PA^ /WAH pe piffep^ 
fpO(y\ ope wutLeoTipe to 
T«e pe^T, (M\\ib tivcLeic Aeip5 
The ftffEApApce of /vie^^-Aoe^ . 
Ip ^o/vie ^TPi^m woLEcaAp lap^oaoe* 



107 








ftRe w m\ cm?Lmep 
((rtftCROlVlOtKUCK’ Of I'LL, 
tue &ic)(.ooi^.T /WX 

<ifB|0T HeAB^ --OIO^T of 

U meR " 

00 Of THeM •• 0/nO6LO^t^, 
THe ppoTOR TWT CARfie^ 
T«fw6H THe 

^LOop^iTRf AM . popTA'^’, , 
PfRoTz peceii/0? Tue 
/X)feu pRize If; 190Z... 



'ffT IP A CfRTRiP PPOTEIP^ Ape 6imPLe, TOO-- U0 

OTrtfP iv\pci?oMt)LecoLft , im m Lt)p& cmaip^ of smiusR 

SUBl'F'lT-f. 

/C^3 - ACTUALW, Kf«06W6(P >^-\\ 

TVO PAIR OF 90CA CAN P^,U 

i»'Wpeci 1)? (F a, ... /i 

l\ ‘=AfMMeTRlCAC TApO^f • // 



/?^5Upp/f 

op COOP4F 
Taf*/ ftpe / 



TAJre IT 





108 




Trte 

LdOK^’ UtcE THi'^ ■• 




n‘i That cLu^rep or 
'OTttep (Xtom^ThPvT 
Coffi?iicxr^ iv \^ tt ^$ 



QOl"© SiKIPLe 
« ^ 3 ' 




uume 

HAS A mpcH’ 




Vh' V 



C*/SWMB COPTAIPS 

HAS 

BXTRA >)lTRom>- 
M-»-h 



HA^> A Rir6>'- 

"v ? 

tl ll ^yj 



TA</PT0PHAAI 
HAt- RipfcS oA 




109 



Hot m \ e W A fBKi^e (Joivieep 

ftQP 6eT5 I op /tIVIlfJO flC/P^-. 

OOT ^ / |WUWl- ATTA|\CT/ote 7?<eifl 
uuew / THC CWAlA To CUC UP (^)7^> A 

PAlRl.'l C0K\?AtT, PUT fi^lPLe Sfiftff • 




111 




APE PROTEINS WHICH TAKE AR^RT OR poT 
T06ETHEP OTHER MOt-ECU-ES- EAW ENTY/Hg IS 
RESPOHSlBie FDR JOST ONE SPECIFIC REACTION. 



A typical ehtyhe lies 
;h w/ut fdp the rieht ^ 

MOUECULES to CCME AROW. 







...AHP COMEIpeS THEM- 






r&»®. 



Xr 






THe e^^‘f'/v\e 6 iiji 7& i£? THt 
lAOUeCUU^b:. 









... wTo A Hen) iAa-eM& 

WHICH 16 

«pro° 



THE epAYMe ITSELF REMAINS 
iWCRAlJ&ep (H THE PROCESS. 



Vawn- 









IN A siMicAP u/Av, pt60$rn^e 
i^THf^S W^AK c> 0 WN ORee 
/vvouecotes. se\/e^PAu kinps, 
^oR exA^^pLe, cHop 
cfp po-'fJACchAPtPes !(t 






112 




TKe$e ppoTE/M? APe so /MPoPT^^‘T epcAuse viPryw-LV 

qyp OF UIFf' 6 CneMlC/H. peACTOM6 I* DPWE^l BV 

SoMP PfJZ-VMF-. 
vi^tep cffmicaws ooAie 

OP TMP0U6U "We ROOT^ 

OF TMe PA^)A^)^ IPFE, 

TfE PI-ANTS fn^ymes 
coNVepT dafm 
IPTO taf coubrnueiJTs 
op A BANAaIA... 





TpEK, WBN TA E 60RI(,l.A 
EATS TWe 0AMA>)A, TAe 
APfe''5 EAl7yMK> PI6E^T 
TAB FPOIT AAO TClPN 
IT /ATO APe- 



...AAP utceW^ FOP 
e-COCJ, VOAKW AA'5> 
VT& C>WA FH2VMFS.../ 




113 





T«6 

BMT-'fMeS Pl( 26 T 

eieo'Me cieAi? 

Trte 19 ^' 3 ,TWVJK") 
To exPSRilweOT'S 
pg?p<9RMeo 
6|0l-06i^.T€» CfOff«iE 
ee«pt# Aflo 
iPWMiP TATUM, 
VyopK# '>IIW 
Mi)TAKT STPAffiS 
OP TPe CmMl^ 
6PBA0 AW-P 
fii^UROSfpORA 
6P0lU(J ifO 
OP a^6|\A(CA(- 
MOTPteH'PS, 




114 









exuAO^Tive 
aeoS‘i-6Beeoifi6 
A wo OloCHCMiCAU 
AWAUW«15,TA6 
S«e^'T|^T5 oiSfovepeo 

mS: w M>TATI0M 
OTA etXlUe 
L0> -n> TAE MCW 

Of 4 &NOS 

gm-YMB ... 



... Wj^lLE U ; 
Th£ MOTAKny '1 O 
O)t>£0 MOT- \\ V,. 
BECAOSe TA6V . 

OfiKfP 
SOMf Of 

TrtemYMSs\ ■ 

NeCESwy 
TO DO SO-- 






-a: 






op, To roPM 
IT APoUfiO- 



iM-ft" ^ Hi . 



C? ^ 







The mebabolic tt)le 
of the is to Tijate 
enT/nie?.,ani each 
^ene is reS|)oii 3 ible 6 or 
one, specific emYJ»c- 



So TMAT^ WHAT <5eiJes po—mw 

— Bor snu- ijoboov 

u^pepsToop PAACTt'f what 

W TH0U6H A fipST 

srep IH THAT piRecT/Qsi Map 
Begp <mD6 IP Tfe 
^ FRep &RIFFITH... 

/%y V' 

( ) 

V peAu-v! / 



GRIFFITH WORKBP WiTH TWO 
STPAIH6 OF THe PflgO/MOAllA 
wctepioM f^eumo COCCUS. Ofic 
WAS Tub Virolfpt-wild tmp&" 
Foopp IM 
HAToRE. 




ThO othfr CACKBO a 
cepTAip osep if 

iVlAKItJfc IMF THICK porep 

CAFSOTg seep ia^ thf w/m 

TH?e. 




WHOlJ /PdeCTpp lOTO Micp, 

Tap w/gpTwPF iH''aRia&ly 
CAOsgp pisBAse... 



Tfte MOTAPT PNFUMO- 
COCCU6. OfJ Tap othfr 
HA(JO, MAP MO PFFFCT 



WAFU) 




116 




AS expecrep, these heat- 

Kiuuep wctebia Pip (op 

HApnl. ^ ^ 

/ m 'loo ^ \ 

/ KiPPIHfc? \ 

I (flif peRWE4 1 
\AR£8H£>r//y 







PESpITe THE fact that 
FACH |H6BEDI£PT WAS 

HARAtess in itself 




AlOT OAlLT OIP THE 
Die:. PUT 
WILP-T'fpe 

p^euffococcc/S 
wepe FouMP iH 
their RUp/es ' 

GRIFFITH COUUPAJ'T 
FlfeuBP THIS OPT 
AT ALL /// 



<Q S’, <^7) 7? 



) p" 






117 







evefaTOAU-W, it was u(ooeR$Toop tkis wav •• 




the 

OF TMF WILP 
TVPe AAp 
Sopvivep tA£ 
P0IHN6 AfJD 
IMFIUPATEP 

Tae Live 

MUTAMT6-, 
rRfiN&fOPMMC) 
TAE AARALF'iS 
PACTCPlA ((OTo 
THE PEARW 
IWIEP TVPE a 




J 



IN' THE (9AO’5, OSWfiLP /JI/£Ry SET CX»T TO IPEMTIPV 
TMl5'TRA|J5F0pMlW6 FACTOR' 



eaUA6 0ACTCBIA 
FT THE FATFUU 

AVepT precipitated 

eXTBACTEP, 
ceATRiFOoeo, 
ARAETZep 
OV/EB AMP OUER.. . 

(JUTIU AE HAP 
A •miMBLEFPU 
OF Pure 

Gbretic 

/viateriau... 




118 




119 




BPpspe AVPP'f, 
6C|e.|0TI‘7B hAP 
pA\p LnrLE- 
ATtB(JTiaA To p A, 

TH&Y KjJgi*' IT 

CONTAIHBP TAe SuiSAP 

p^nyRteoie, 

Po&iJTy OF mo$PHAfe, 
AtJP POUR ^M5g5, 



Ta 6 fpup pA^e5)Ape (c/wowN A6> c,G, aap 7", wmctK 

App $AOPT R3R : 




WORE A^6l//vtgp To gg pfe^r It^ eQUK- PPOPORTONS, 




AVepf, HOWEVER, PESeARCHEF^ mo^\^ To LOOP 
wope Cuo^euV... 

cH/^oAFf '^m- 

^ T(AE O?|VVV0t(T/OtJ OP 
p|4/>. VARiep FROM 
cm To ANffTAEp, 

IH VaRTiOOR IH TAE 
REUATWE Awotws oP 
TaE /l,C, T (S- 

iS* AN'/ 9 N A , 

r«e NuM^ Of fi% 

WAt> The »fl!Ae Ai , 

THe cJUMeepoFT^. 
SIMILAPtY, the 
UUJABEft op c's WA6 
EOUAt TO TME 
NUNVeER OFO'4. 

WAAT PIP THIS /V16A/0 ? 
CAAR6AFP COOUPH'T SAy.. 



&>/ 5TuPV//Afe> 
pitTUPKj OfPNA, 
FOSFLCfJp 
WAS APLE TO SHOW 
THAT THE PM A 
MOPE cure fPOE-AEL'/ 
HAD The corkscrew 
SHAPE op A rtft./'X 
WITH Two OP- three 
CHAIH&... 

EUT WAS lx TWO 
OR THPEe...? 





121 




JA/nei WAnoN ANP Francis crick crackep 

TAE pdweb. 




ev ?LNUt>b IwlTrt SCALC-MOPEU ATO/VI^, TheV OBS>E1Jv/eO 
That AQBNINE FITTEP T<36ETHBB with THVMNF, 

While evRNiNB RAigep nati/rauut with C'tTosmF. 




CALH PA6E PAIR 
WOULP BE HELP 

TPGeTnep sy 

HypRoaeN boaw(>, 

A W^AW ATTKKT/ON 
THAT yVlA'f <?CCt>P 

mWcS^ A 

v\c)uec(te 

^v)D A woiJ-fVPR06ep 
AT<9IV\ 0(> Al^OTAefl 
(lAoLecuie. 



\T AL^ /» PID MPT Fir 

WlTA C, G lA/(rA 7T 

/^jbtT^PeL Me7 ") 







122 




so WATSCJp AWD 
Cf?lCK pKoPoseo To 
WCK UP 
o^)6' p^FieR 
UK^ 5TAIR5T^PS. 

Two 5U6AR- PM05>PAATe 
STBAUPS W 

Around w 
outside. — ' 




one CC^PUCATlON- 
TWfe TWO STRAMOt» 

WIPD IP ORPOB/TB 
PIRFCT/ON^ •■ tA& 
§U6AR^ OP OPB STRAND 
ARe "uPs\De down" 
COAlpAReo WITA 
OP Tab oTwep srp^pD- 





THI^ fe FRiHciPUe 
OF COMPCem^TfiRITi' ■■ 
eAcft PAsecftp ?Aii? 
WITH OfJlY ope OTrteF, 

aupep ITS conPumepF 

TOW App CftiCK 6or 

Tpe weft !! W 



It Iws escoMti 

« . ^ J “I - 



<pur J 3 c>t‘ice that/ 



jxn- 



tlxe 

ttiediately eu^est^ 
a copyii:^ 

mecjja^ism S^pir 
tl:ie ^Tietic 



maXjcx'^sx 



i» f^a, \T i€> T(»e tc^ 
To T«e sepe's mmp 

tDPCTlOpS- RePLl<:AT/op 
APP eyPTKe&is. 



124 






G£if C0f^lli6,0R pyVl/i ReFUCfinON, A5 lA^ATgO/J AMp 

cpiCK &AW, 1^ S(Ma.g ifi fpitviPce. straup of 
T he POU&te A6UX coajtaws thf MroR/HAnou 

NBCeb'yAP'i To fl^AKO ITS COmpUfllFl^TAR'i STRAfJp. 



5CMg/WAT/CAt.W, IT IHOPKS LIKE this : WHg/o THE P/oA 
15 READY To /^lULTlPEY, ITS TWO STPA/ODS POOL APART 




AL0W6 EACA Ope, A fJeW S7p/\/Jo 
F&RrflS ;|J THE oMuV Possible WA'I-. 



i»e w;pp op WITH Two 
COPIES OF Tab opio/^R'. 




125 





Pracw, 

Of RePu:A' 
Tl^N FAR /V10R& 
cOflfi?uc^rep. 

^ve|J /N w /mUcr- 
^OQ\ep e. cou 
IT IS /MF^RpecrLM 
UHOeRSTiX)C7. 



"" ||J COL f PFFLI C AT/O^ 6e6/M^ ^ ''5^;|pp(/06 

COT^ TMe OlUA e>TRAjup^ APART AT A §/viAa CALLED 



fpe OR!6?/N. 









1(0 TAe U^(64WBOOO APiP FLWV 
Of me /i/ouecTfpes . tap 
' e>0ltf>|^J6 0U)C^6 For tap ^)aA 

STRAjOPS. PACA h^UCieOTlD^ 
CO(j<i*^T6 OF A S06AR, OfiF Of Tap 
FOUR AUP TMR^E FAo^- 

PAAtP^ TRAlLljJ6 At0(06- 



126 







iOneiJ ft fRgg pcLBoTiOe 

meets its c’omptemewW'/ 
fcftse qo 0 kJ A . IT 
STICKS, WHIce THE V(Wfc‘ 
MocLEOTipes eooKce 
AWftH- 







AS T»I6 ''§^)leP/^)6'' 
eNZijiVlE: OpeftJS Tpg 
PPA FURTHER, 
mope ^)0c(,eoTlpet) 
Ape A0P6D, AHU A 
“CuePlfJE” 

Pots THem TooeTHFR 
KHOCKi(06 off the 
Extra prfbsPHATes. 





CLIP, 



CUp^ 



IP cup 




aw 

Cup CUP 
CM^ CW 






Tms ppoceeos alomc bota stra/ods 
SfWULTA^)^£H.V — IM W0SiT6 
)' PlRecW§. TAB "CCIPRAJ6" 

\ ^AAC CAN 60 ONiC^ OlOe lA/A^f, 

* \, SAAOOTAL^/ ope 

y’ ^TRAMP, l^nice BACK|(06 UPTM6 
CJACR IN A SCRI6S op SpO(RT5 ' 






127 




0/<c6 RepucfxTep, We 
Ti*0 fJgU/ OlRO/HoSOMe^ 
wwe to 66 P156/JTA(u6tjeP 

so THAT ceue p/(/isi()^) 

CAM OCCUR. 




6We. 

MOiO/ 



• ■ CP 



tue PicjuBe we 
i*Ave op p M A 
R6PUCAT(C)0 is st/ol 
SKetCHV, fbR 6AA(npce 
0(JWI^)0|()6 Trt6 TulO 

stpamps of tap 

Pooeue Heti)C 

iNl/OLves RbfATiOMS 
At SP66P& ouep 

now TAIS AAPP6M6 
\6 9TICL fJot 
IMELU 

yiif^stoop. 







V y- »!- 

WHAteueP TH6 PeTAILS, 

We pR/MciPce OF 

coiv'pceurteMTAPiT'/ i& 

Trte KFV To PePUCAtlOM. 

AS wea A§ TO THE 
66M6’5 S6COMO MAlP 
Fu^)CTlOM = 

/tvviwwo A 




128 




Tie 




COMP 1|J |V1^)JY 
5H/^PfcS, pOT |^) 
IMPORri^f'T 
^e^-Fecr, thpy m 
AU ALi’KB. 



Lff «> Of T«e 
W THE PPoW 
WfE Re-fPLP iTsaF, 
ouJItfe To Tfe 
Mriikiiop5> 

T«e C0MP0H6OT6. 







, p i> o » » • 



W. S ^ ^ L 

\\ 5 • -■ • 



UKlfbCP f^fJV 
App Wu flK^P \T§ 
Si(v\PLY Ci^Mp Of 
AWo Acip^, 



CA^TUALl-y, MAN'a ?^0T£lfi^ N)£ep 
/I fW MEUP FROM another “CHAPERPNe' 
; V ) I PRora N To FO LO OPO 





taat / 6‘- THe mSmm 



129 



i|j view rue m.^Tl0^3e>w peweeio sms (^^>p 
tws sv66e^TS tmbt Ti*e seSveNce of p|j a Most 
soMeAow vAPAeeet cp Reaecr T«e S^vefice Of ta& 

FRoTeiio. 





^e(^tx8t^6 0^ 

toe my l^e 

thaiiyht ^ 
ol Vord3"^^ecifyin/ 
tbg order of amino 
in each protein. 



130 











lAiny WK ' 
Lm W'VETff 

ooMyucftrep , 



To (WAKe- THE 
TpA^)^^W PPoM 
Pfj A "lAOPPS" 1b 
AMl»Jo AaoS, 6oMt 
■ScW^'TicATep 
ftoLecit/^f- MAoKPtPV 
CoWK- 11^0 w. • 



A Mote(^t-6 

eoPieo DMA. 





{uwa 

/A 

5 |9P« 



ALt wee of 

”/ Trte^e A6eMr$ 

Afe FAPity op 
EMTiPetY MAPe op 

taat <?r/!A5y' 
Mucteic AC«? = 












131 





AClp— 

0|0A- A St'OAR ' RAOSPAAt^ 

W\T|A A SeRieS OP ATTACMep. 






\T 5 S 06 AP IS RiBOS^^ 

f^TMOR TMAjJ 
BOA IS USOAUV 
-STRfth/peP 7 
A|JQ It 'S moCB SAORTeR'' 
^0 to tooo o^cueoTipes, 
CoA^PApeO l^^tA A 
(vuouop OR /vioRP IP Ar 



AUQ FlpAUlM, U)Alt^ TAB BASBS /T, Ap 0 6 
ARB tap §A/V»e AS IP 7 R 0 A AAS /P 
PlACe OP T AOOTAPR BASp CA0i>PD (>7 






yR/»ciL h' 



l»;H(CH, l%e THYMIfi/e ^ IS ComPC6i»'eMTA(?W 

to /ipe/^we 






KP — 



p)— JV 



» • H — it. 



0 



Now C6T6 
SPP ROlO 
PMA ^ 
WORKS I! 



132 



Protsiij S^(JTkesis a Pebiop op o ^ a 

IS T&ASep APART AMP a MOUPCUPP of R ^) a 15 
60UT APOAt) 0A& StRAAQ &1 AiJ CALLBP 

/TA/ /? PClYMBfffiSe,. this FRocess IS CAUFP 

TRhUSCRlPriop. 

IT AAPRefJ5 AS Ih) 

V^f\ Repuc AT/0 (^' PAch I 

6Ase (T TH6 P |j A IS 3\ /fcM )f 

OD/AppeMepTApy To -TA6 111 >-3^^ Jt 

CoPPRSPoiWb 6Ase \ 

Op Tpe 0 P A. 

TAIS PPA I6CALU€DTi^ 
r^^TsJ '' Me-5iCN66J^, CR wpiuA , 

FPCAUS6 IT CARBies T«e 
T foepeTlC A1E8SA6E fpop %e 

■ JK/ P p A To TAF PRoTe/A factory 



T«e "WORDS" 

OF TAB 

WBSSA6g ^ 

APe TffiPl£T5 \ 

c^eflse-t> — I 

/4-R <&, A-C-fl, J 
BTC. rue L 
TBCAplCAt ^ 
NAME fop OpE 
OF TAB5B 6PO0P& 
\<S A — — 



m 

I 



c 






Co^on 



133 



fpf^CH 3-0flie Cc0Of> 

ftjp ft gip6i£ 
PMI[00 AOP, App w 
WlWte (inpftlA STRAPp 
6|jtope4 ft ?f?OT0^^ 

(oe 5e\fepAL fRoteit^V 
IT5 Jy^-T t-IKB ft 

i«p5^ft<&g i|j cope— 






u 

-1/yyO. 

'UUVUO 

oppy 

uo 



uu 

Oui/ 

VOOo 0 

VOOoL/ 
uv 



C PftcK'PO Tttft ewe Ba>ftf> 

iqoi, m» /nmmu 

W/'^ A6te TO MAke 

ft 6?ec/ftL ^w|?^>ft, i»nose opey 
BA56 WA4 i/;e/lC/4, RefeATEP w 
ftk)p ovef? ' '■ popy. u." 




WM 'T HP owwfiep A PRoraJ 
wmi oc Tie ftftwy 
ftcip PHenyuuM/ne- 




ooc; WftSTue cop<v fsp pAe/oVLALApifJe... 



peyt Tftey ptopep 
foey-A, A(>p 
poey-c, Art) 
foey-oe, Pow-u^y, 
ere, ETC, ere, 

UpTil Trte cope 

WA4 PIRAU-Y 
BPOKetJ— 




134 





Lerre^ 










^ Th& Cave IS Kept/fJP/i^r. with 

'•^possi&ce Covofii’, ^VT OfivC JO aWi/JO 
"N. (xcic^, Tme fin<,T Be 'swowi/ 

'' \ piff epewT G>ws wweH Tit same 

JfT I ivMlflO AciP. 

"^vm MJe '•STOf''SI^’PM'S. TURK crows 
PO |JPT 6P®^ AW AMlWO AOIP W AU-. 
tapse scppe To repi«iwAr&MeE6AE>K. 

Tie ®pe IS lUPp oveREMfipo. Tie “Wopos" 

ftiELOlO eACH OTVeP mWOT 6APS OPOI/eRLAPS. 

uetl see swptw Mpw (t WS iwp To start.. • 




135 








Tue too? 
ev>o fcRpA 
BAS wee 
UMPAifieo bask. 
Trts "mricoDo^" 
l'»AV W|jp 
l»lTB Trte 
cowteAiepTAPv 
Ccfpop Of 
twRlJA. 

AT THe ■'TAIL" 
tVD <5f 
tfZMA 16 A 
SlTB fPP 

attacBiijo 

A 5IB6Lf 
AMlllO Aap. 




136 









ScueiwATlCALLV, THIS 

-rue WAV A 
5TRl|Jii Of PHses 
IS TPAH^H'ra? 
iHTo A sfeoo^ee Op 
A^ipo Aaps. 

THe C£iL one 
fm fieceof 
ffiu\f/V|6MT To WA\e 
It (OW- Tite 

R0oiom. 



137 

















m i( 06 f(' 6 p(gfJT iio TAe ?R(?revp 
(VlAWlAfc AppApATuS |^> A|J 0 ?>Jecr 
Ta^T HAUPS CyppWTAI/Jfo ;p PLACe, 



liMS 1^ Tap 
RI&OSOM0, A 
POUBt© BALL OF 
APoOt ©■OpRoTL/A& 
WPAPPeO Up WITH 
P N A. 'TmF> 

R (J A I© CALLgp 

rna, 

rPfJA ft)f? ©hoRT 







THE RlgOepME WAS TWO 
^LOT'^ lf» UWMl^U MPLf©UL&c> 
OP iRUA. CM FIT SNU6’(,y. 



138 



TO MAKe A PRofeit^- 
WrtEH T\>e wRfJA Re»p6 
OUT TMe PpA 
'T EMT6R8 A S&A 
Of RieosoMfc,. 




> ’ 
I 



(5 C 7 > 



U(j 5ITf 15 
IT uem m 
U-<9. 




wmsi 




& AMP TfA^ f)eXT 
C0P^:)/J e'ACM. ^opp l^iTH 
CO/vi\^te/v\eMTARV tRpA 
^\^\CW PIT /MTO TUP SLOTS 
PM T/ue Riposo/vie. 






bAQA tRfJA CftRpieS AM AMi^JO 
Aap (A A), W flRST 
ALWAMS BeiP6 /hffHlONlNC. 

U)iii/'ij (c:ac;c ini-r»i /J./j./i. 



AMOWR tKMA AfOp A/W/jOO 
AClP Wp 



TiAe mit^O ACIDS 
ARe UM'cC'gpi TAB 
"aiPTM'' tRMA IS ^ 

oiscARpeP i amp sc ^ 
Twe Rie 05 D/v»C /WC^S 

alom(? Tne A\^A6e, 
riUM 6 > 0 ? aa\imo AciO^, ^ 
WHCA fpup TACMS^UU^ 

INTO A ?RcTeiM- 



140 



■THIS wcess ccr^T/fooes 
t^ioTiu THe fieAcne^ 

Ohie oe THE "sro?'‘ 




THIS coi^?ieTeo VRoreii^ is* a\?pa\) ofp h/^th6r 



IT IS AL^ 0DM(^0^ 

AT THIS ?i 5 /pT THe 
s^oT^ii^ To ten PI ep 
up lio VAR/Pns U/AVS. 



PiNALuy, Tne Pi^osoM^, 
/Vl^SSA6^, AMO tPMA 
Oi550C(AT^..- 




Oac^ 



■\ • ( :!SSi ^ -C , ' 

Y J S jT^ <{z: 





...AwTMe Mew 
iv\ACRp/^a-ea)te 6oe^ 
Off -fdOo m uoot 
STRUCrope, 

OH UlHATevep,.. 













ifJ TMe uv/ij06 ceu , T^ese PR^c^sses 6o^^)6 o/^ 
"fO^PTf^R. TpJ5 15 Hou) iT Loc?t<6 l^^ 6^ COl^f. 



ifj e>AcTeRipv 6eioeRALtv 

PPoreiM-i^uitc?/^^^ Be6/^>s 
TH6 'W.RpA IS 
ST/UL ^|f^6 TlRAl^5CRiBep 

fPoAl TM6 66/Je. 




rne /v\ 6 ssa 6 ^ P^ad By s^\/epAL 
RiPDs^>ives AT PPCB. i^ore MouJ 
Tk^ FRoreih) ft>LPS iPTo Ts f//^al 

i^PM A^ IT IS ASSFM^eO. 










,) ti- 



;> 







Nijp fw you \}[>o&<^wv 
huip muRK — 

ifj e. cffi-i // 



142 





iv /ne/weArr 
Hoiw My6t^ weve 
M.peAPV fWfJO 
eficooep Trte 
CHE0M070M6. 





THOSE Ape SavepCK 
^iCDPHJ^ ewm", „ 
tPAf^pas PM*' Mc»ceco[£ 



143 





W6 KW PV Ai^oot 

Afjp 

e^>pep PF i(o^ipe 5(9/viF 
MF^c/^ Lime FP6, t.Cou - 
NOU) WAAr CA )0 lue SAV AFout 

OTAFf^ ufe '? 




fim /vioRe TAe ceus or ?lapt^, (\^il^^Ae5, ^ 

Al^P chHFF A^VAIOC^p CFFATPF^ — IN fact, aaV ceLi U)m A 
tiUCUuS'-Y> CKCep ^BUCflf^Vore CV(?P'CAFPV-OAr'). 
(I'leANiP^? "(ooox> ^)uaep7“ /n 6rf^k- 



eucApypTe^ covtna all 

60pT5 OP FoPl^, FUT 
TAP TAP IJUCLei6, 

AlAlCH COATAIN^ TAe 

cvifoMo^Me^, 





TAPTijJY ^ACT^IA, I/JITATAPII^ SlMFieF 
STRpCTUFe, AFe cAuep pf^oc^RY^Tes 
('TPO'CARPY'OAT^')^ MeANlNt> 

|0uaPPs“ IN (5Pe0\<- 



f^e tppA 1^ 

TaAT PRP W'fCTTe:^ 
UA^ a/(XU^ 
R^FoRe TAP _ 
(v\c?^e com9uc/^^ 
a^cARwore^. 





144 



a;CApVoTK, |\pD PPoapyoT^ 

‘sHf'pe w same PA 5IC eoeric 
^(pLiifivieFr-. 

a v 6 >cbcP‘V\jAp‘^^<^ce 




'‘%>lllALl.UFE,'niE6EMEnc 

COPE IS the same— 



(k pAtr Wtictt 

siww 

TAAT WP I'Ll- 

C0/I1P fioM A 

coMrtOE Artiesrop. 



Let« have 
A fAAlltV 
peuwf) , 
iomMb ■ 




AiJVTrAie .. 
\'Ll 

(VH( 6^^(OA 






^ THepe APe »ifc Piff0?epce5 peruieep ppo 
AiJO EU... /r'r7T:> 



To 

IHITH, euCAFVOI^ 
HAVC AU-THeiF 
fiiFo^oAiei 

OOT^IPe TAB 
|Joaeu4, -sepAFArep 
PFOM tab eBjJfe 
py A MgMBPAfJe. 



H«a>CAP 

Vco makp 

PRojeiH^^ 






VTS A 6IT X 

LIKE |CK«/Ffc 
W«)6A VtA^TiC.. 




145 




ijopeep, HOW po 

E^fAp>(0T66 
t«e ('pswep 1^ iHHT 
Tue Mucte/vp Me/M&ppipe 
HA'S pi?/?e5. THKg APe 
PIfc ^6A To AU.0W 
BMA AW3 VAPioo^^ 

0 JZYMe^, PRA w- 

(AEPA5E, it> PA^6 TAPWfeH, i 
EOT RiEoso/wes APe 
Too E(fc To FIT. ^ 



cut-MM 
of pocLeo 4 



(VieM^Wb 



VHTAIWTAF WUOeu^, »»PKA 1^ MACS A^ IP PAcrePiA — ?ot 
TW COMe C^TAIP /MoWFlCATiOWS... 

















Tf\e FI^P<^T|0|U Of THf&e App 0Ti€p 
APJ16TMEWT4 To euCAFYOlic «wRPft IS 
UIOKP^WK. 



Pt TAF "STAPT gpp 
Yp ifeoAU-V Appep 
A /Mowfiep, i;psip&- 

pOiPp 6UW//^^ 

^ -cfip: 

AT THE OTpeR 
g|0p (bOEA A 
6TPlpfc OF 
fipemN^ ^ 
Mcmrnv^' 

/MAYClpfo A 
fAH- op To 
60jeBAL Aopwep 

/JUO.eDT(0^ /A 

lepibTA- 




146 






THE ME)(t MPVE Came as a SpeAt surprise to 6£.VJET(C(^>T6 ; 1 

A COML5X of PBoT£(^) AMP RNA 6PAB^ TA£ t)i-R|MA, fiORMlWt 
L.OPP'i, UtRE TW6> — '• 



<SV M. 







^ Ll 



The Compcek — Caued A ^ FLKEoSoMi — 
then 4HEAR^ off the LCOP Pi^>£ARp^> it, 4PLICPJ THE 
RtMAlUlWb PlEEE-i To6CtH£R, AMP PERAPt^. 




.^4 







f^Sr£M 






(n5^ 




THI5 14, BI7ARRE! EOCACyOTlC eeRES COHTAlW iruMK PMA - 

Nolo ' COPIV^, A>G^A£€ $^y£MCB THAT U/VE To gE COT CUT 

ggfiPRe The e>EW£ CAw pg ^xPre^ep!! 










To ICECP ^ 
SPLiQEoScAAC^ 



147 




1Y5 tM9T 

1|J TUB WDLe 
Of f' fepfi^Tt-Y 6000 
6eMB, TrtBpe iWAV Be 

seveppc 

fjs^eA)C^, g/'cH 
wppep$ Of 

louacDTipes L0P6 T*i£-5a 

|\pE CACCeP 

INTPONi- 




&6[je 



fbR Some Reason, EoeAp</oTe^ ^ee 
fIT To LEAUE l(0TpOM6 IP THE 
4UI<OA'£WME; OpUj ftEMCVlW^’ THEM 
FPoM wRWA AFteP TRAW4^PiPT(ON , 



The IMTfiONB AK Sb/MEHOU) 
RECoownEP »:/ TAP ^pa<:e£)^E5 
(6uW(.E5 CpPRoTElp AWt> RWA 
pEJEMBLIWb A Plgp^oME"), 
ipHibjl 6RAB THPiP en/P5 Awp 
SNIP THEM OUT ?£R«E 
protein S^^NTHBl-i. 




Notc that The i^emwal mu4t 
pe peRfKT fvef>{ TiAie. A 
SWPT Of JUST 0N6 PA5e 
I^UEP THPOU) Off aBPiTHiNfc 
'DoWM^tPeAW, R0|^)|^JB 
TAB Pfioreip. Mo6>T |viV5itPK)04... 



148 





niJN-Lv T(ie 

rPOTQiJ bOeh 
To DO |T$ JOB; 
Trtf IS 

BPoKEV poyip 
IPTo "5cpiV“i 
W THe pp(p.Ts 
REJOPN To 
T\e pucteu^ 

R?p. PeCVCLltJG, 

TooeTiep uJiT(i 

w 

WAT po WE Jo6 








149 




Diffepepoe tv w 

A WCTgpiUM Ip TA£ SH€CP 
WUMeS? CF^^K - 2 A), 000 

U fV iWMAp, 4<?0O ip 




/^f1- 7W.OOO 
mo fJUCl&rf/pg^ PIEP 

^ c,e/^e- mr^ w 

|VWLUOfJ -WV/WV. V 




To ^a^ c?Pfe'MJi'2e mu 
that SWIN 6e, evujVgyoTes 
lHIPAf Tl€l |2 PpA AR 0 (VP 
PP)TOA> “Sf-JOLS.’ 

EACH WOOL" -op fWCU£OSO/*l£ 
CCRe, To pe fW 0 P " 
C£>p6'l5T5 OF 90/FPAL 
FPoiaiJ^ 0OOrt> ToOFTHep- 





eAcrt cofae A ^FiFAC 
6 R 00 VE fOp The 0 P A ) 
IWCA |WA<KK tPO 
AROOPO IT 



\t/>ll 

vepv atofc 






irfHeiJ euCAPVoTic cea to pivipe, ptJ a penicAT/o^i 

PP 6 IN& AT MAUV SITES AT PNCe (WLIKE If) E. CO^./, (WHERE 

IT 6e6(f)s AT ofje siteY 




AS weVe skj) , 

W(0K CEU PWISION, 

The CHKO/MOSflMES 

5Hpprei') Afjp thickeh. 

THIS most ifivPLve ^ 

S 0 I*E WAV pp ^ 

taw^the ^ : 

ffUCLEOSOMES, PPT 

The ARPap^pmeht' 

A(JP PROCESS ARE % 

STIUU OVSotOEp ^ 
PpoeLEMS. WrU^ 



IHHIte PePLIEATlPf^ K 
STftt IH PR06RESS, 

The Two iWSTFAfjps 
ALPPApV lAdJpifJfc om [JUCLWSAMe 
Cores, one STRArt? imhepits the 

OtP CORES, AHP THE OTHER gefs A 
m>> Set 




151 




^ DffUQIl^l^^’ecouAPiTV 
OF gucApvoTic eet^ ■ TAeV 
^^p^p Lots of 50 -MLW 
mP^flTI^^ AFC 

Sg^gjjces op |Jl)CtK>T(DCS UWCF 
RePF/^ 1H6M^glw&7 MAW T//*ie^. 



we homAn^iP’R 
EXAMfi^. Aw 
S0fUCNC& op SOMP 
?00 PA 5 e-pA/fi 5 
wicp APfFAP^ NFAPey 
miuwH riMS- 

1 -^ A 6 UASTAPTIAU 
CHOpK Of OUP TOTPL ! 
10|\AT Cfl^l IT 
MEAP 



'^Tnex, ^ 
fitesewce^ 
cpixiaPPitcfe 
WlllCtl ptfW 

1 «£«^ave> 

IWW T(«H.. i 




'W6 Hi;/*i»(^i W T 

exAMfie, A/'i'P 
tfkp ~ioo 

pivse p»ip« wkH 
Affpfip^ ^lem^ ; 

p MiiTipp T?«e« / 



'^w^tTa 

■somimhL 
Op ou^ 




1»)HAt 

CAp»T 




152 



A foSStei£ WStfCT 1^ TKAt 
THE56 

Of />>" 

CopTFlPl'1®^ ^)OTAl^^^’ 
To TAf OR£>API6|V\ . etKoVlfib 
po > IT WAV Be 

JosT 'HiTcHiMe A Ripe" 

oio OOP crt^Mo^oMee a 



ffCOLIAPlTYof 
eocapyotu; ee)Jt^' 
Ttev ANJW toB 
op •5o CALtet> 

p2P£Tnii«PPA 



-'"%56 AW 
sewepcfcof 
me^Tipe^ 
M«oi pettAT 

(HAt>V T(We^.. 



O.k! o./(/ 
r eer rfie 
(DBA /// 















N*x 









£o/P' To ' 
ciTV? 



voHgpe Mifi’WT TAese 
60>enc tHTCHWKEPS 
Ccm R^M ? 









153 




ASE w m?Le>T 
LlVIfifc THlMt’S Kf/WJJ- 
If WKE TFULY AMVe PfT 
na... wte SORT Of 
ftUVE N)p POT I^MVf... 



we cf MY 
oto 

6IOU)0Y 

TeAoiOF- 



evep APp swAtifF- 

TAAP A PPCT0?I1)M , /X 
V|K06 Hffe opl-V To>o ?M?TS • 
A 0T (f 

IdRAYfW tff (P A P/a^Tf/A' 
CO/rT'. 



Oxx-Mt^ 

V/00 









TAE Puaao 

AOO, UittICA 
(ARY BE P H A 
OF F|JA, 
0^00066 Tile 

FfloW cow 



PePt>6P wf 
PQfICAW 



154 





POT A VIP05> 

CAH’T f^PVtXe 
Oii 1T^> ODOM, 

IT LACK5 
PlPP5^>MK. AMP 
T«g Ke^T Of 
A u\/ifit> cm'6 
PRCT6l(J-MAKl^t> 

a?PiP«eMT 

A VIRI/S CAM . , 

OlJtY "l-'WE" A 
PApA6lTe, Pp 
IMVAPIM6? A 
RO^TCeu- 

amptakim^ om^ 

IT^> RiP0«>(AK, 

PM2-Y«e^, ApJp 
BHER^y, 

OHce IT &eT4 tr^ PMA CP RMA into the Ht»T. Trtt 

VIRUS ee&(ps It) perpopucp imitpuy, stpnpima trc 

CPU- TO THE PUP$1](JC, 





155 







THAT'e A TVFICAU UFE-Sme (^P M(?tJ-^-lFE'5TYt.e) M A 

vipuE>, w some uipyse^ Ase eveK s^eAKiei?- Tpey 

ACTUAaY ifJsEPT TPeiP ^e^)es into the Host cett's pnja 



RNA ViRLIS E'NCOpiMO' 
AN ENJy/AE that 
(AAKK? a PNA coFy 

OF ITS RnA ano 
sfu<i6 IT l^nt> me 
Host CHPtiMoftJMe* 






THIS IS ONe Reason) 

WV SOME VIpAL 
\NFECTlCtJS are 
INCORARLe ■• TAe Fipus' 
eepes CAN'T RE 
eoTTEN PIP of 
VOOR OW CARMIOgo/nes 
MAV &E DiReoTINS 

THE PPopUCTiOp Of 

/HOPE ViROSeS III Trtt 
AIP^ ViROS 

TWS- WAP. 





\T5 T^^^T SOMe 

Of Trte Ret^iTiye 

"jw p p N 

|»> OOp. CrtR0WO5<’'*>f^ 

MPv' i\PitecoMe 
Tt«6 50(«ce •• AMcia>T 
VipuS£6 WT iWWAfiep 
TO //^^epT 
Tpeip rtef?eprrARV 
&LUffKiNT IMTo CUP 

APCK-TOP^' P |J a. 



supvepsive 

ELe/Mefir^-! 









IF Si3, THf 

«,PpA fftAV Hwe 
FVOWEP A 

AOAltJSr . 
IPAFR^PIATE 

seif ueuce^ 

\tJlP im lA'PPLE 

OF (&epgs. 






TneK^ Apow 

WAV A coo 

cw ooprew? wta 

FAFA5ITIC PpA- 
IT CAP SiMFCY 

SHUT m>se , 
0eA/es pmi- 
THAT5 ftttP we 

PFAU TO 
fefexwe 

JC<?C6pC^! 

rHg'i''pe taepe, 
PUT Ipe 
lc>uope THem ! 






as 



\T5 CMt>0I> 



lie 

vip^e:^ 16 

N^' 



157 







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^ we KtJOvJ 
APe, 

\^>e CA(J &6T A 
(<vc.w perreR 
6PA‘^P OF 
mfiVOH AFP 
POM!ht!\NC5. 

A WUTAT/OF if 
A 6e(Je 1^- Ju^T 
A CHAV6F IF The 
PFA'^ SPWFFCe 
or FPPteOTlPF^.. 

FvrH A /yii^TAFF 
AT Jy^T (pVf' 
Fo‘>iridN SAP 
AAvr A pporoyFP 
FffeCT 

ABFE A SMALL 
PUT PEVASrATIFfc 
fAPTATiPH IFTAE 

geve w Hmo&uOBiF, 
m FfiOTEiF WAILA 
ewRies WL#) 

IF TAF FLOOP. 





0Oop 06pe AIPTAFT fiFFP 



158 




MW , Of wffie, i^> 
that THe C(tAP^>P REftecTep 

If T«e riforeiN vihicr the 
^ epcopes... fiR5T THe 

toMK. oor WR 0 |Jfc, AK>P Tf«H TRe 
PR0Te\|j- 





THt5 KpeeiALL^ DK’A'^’TiROU^’ MUTAKOp, WRI^T* iPTeRRPPT^ 

TKe FpoTap iH TRe (HiopLe, causes a seRioui, coRPtrw 

CALLep A|j IPAPIUTy TO (VlAke |tevio 6 C£»B|p. 

THg VICTW SOfypR^ fRPM A PAl| 0 p/t- LAc:k Of 0XV6EM- 



Wevm6 A CAAMgg MAT (AAKg po AT I^U. if 

Tou RepeR PACK To Ttte cooe TAPce , houU pecm- rm 
\t'^ ^MewHArr R^PONPAMT — MeApipfc THAT 0|JE AMlPO 
pCip MAT 'SROOm BT ^evgpAt PlffTP^ CDPO)J 5 







159 



occMOiJP'Lt'/, T«e A«C> I'^h Fit ^ 

wau ^iwv6B u^ALL7 Le^ Ti# pef^T^'t ) • ^ 



•r^ 







Sot«eT(Me4-WO£ lii fl pwe i«oof>-THe FPoratJ 

(V\w FW mf-Perf^R T«Ah) AWE. 




^H' 




POT WOST 

OF iHe-tiwe, 

A MVITATIPF 
00 ^-T POIfA, 
TAFW)W- 
\t''& mycP ■ ' 
BASieP To_ 
‘jomo' 

■W(ib 

To iWfPWleiT^ 
If VOO TWf 
IT, Tpy WWlpF 
FPflpOM 
W^om 
poo'seitoU) 
PffnANCe!! 



y* M. aA 0 tXTT^jfy I 




160 





(P'^0 



H^Tep TKPrr now 
M0T)^T|O|J4 ftflC 
R6ce<6ive. nou) u/g 
W see WHV . 

ft WOTftTiOfl USUftttV 

ftp INPi^Uri' 
To /MftKg- Ap aJzv/Me- 
Ip Tne ejcAwfig iwe, 
TueiwiwreeiJe 
To M«ee 

neMO(5eopi|o. 



fome^, we 
ill // \\ftwe Tmsen 
oe cftizoMosowes. 

EVBP r ft (WoT^TiiW 

Affars Ole oe rne#\, 
Tpe “/psuRAfice" em 
wu STiee fpopoce its 
e^)^VMe.■ 



Ooop 

HeMo6U6fp 




6ftp e4>e 




Po AgMpaoW 



iwe OPLOCKY 
sa^ WITM 
ft iwet^ 

Pos-e op MiTpAvr 
eepes wiu 
ee ftrpuergp 

WlTiv 

TftAeftS^eMift . 




W Va;p sepeiic 
Hisoft-ftpce" iftTses, 
wts uftep vpo'p 
eenat ^ornmcM- 

tUSOPApCPI 



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Adenine, 120, 122 
AIDS virus, 156 
Alleles, 42-50, 54 
co-dominant, 162 
combinations of, 54 
recessive, 81 
Amino acids, 108-111 
Anthers, 31 
Antibodies, 177-178 
Anticodon, 13^137 
Aristotle, 14-15 
Asparagine, 109 

Assortment, independent, principle of, 48, 
70 

Attenuation, 172-174 
Avery, Oswald, 11^119 

Bacteria, 25 

Baldness, hereditary, 91-93 
Base pairs, 122-123 
sequence of, 130 
Bases, 106, 107 
Beadle, George, 114 
Bibliography, 210 
Biological warfare, 194-195 
Blood groups, 162 
Body cells, 83 
Bone marrow cell, 163 
Bonellia marine worm, 90 
Bovine growth hormone, 201 
Breeding, selective, 6 

Camerarius, 30 
Cancer, 83 
Carbon, 104 
Cell division, 57 
Cells, 56-64, 97-101 
turning into other kinds of cells, 163 
types of, 98-99, 164 
Cellulose, 105 
Centromere, 59 
“Chaperone” protein, 129 
Chargaif, Erwin, 121 



Chromosome mapping, 69-78 
Chromosome number, 60 
Chromosomes, 58-70, 102 
genes on, 67, 69-71 
"recombinant,” 76 
in sperm and egg, 61-62 
X and Y, 85-89, 91-93 
“Clipping” enzyme, 127 
Cloning genes, 185-188, 193 
Cloning people, 203 
Co-dominant alleles, i6z 
Codons, 133-137 
complementary, 136-137 
Color-blindness, 91-92 
Complement, 124 

Complementarity, principle of, 124, 128 
Complementary codon, 136-137 
Correns, Carl, 65-66 
Crick, Francis, 122-125 
Crops, productive, 7 
Crossing over, gene, 71, 76-77 
Crossing square, 44-45. 48, 73~74. 93 
Cysteine, 109 
Cytosine, 120, 122 

Darwin, Charles, 55 

Deoxyribonucleic acid, see DNA entries 

Deoxyribose, 106 

DeVries, Hugo, 65-66 

Digestive enzymes, 112 

Diploid organisms, 68, 89 

Diversity, genetic, 206-208 

Division, cell, 57 

DNA (deoxyribonucleic, acid), 107, 119, 
181 

“junk,” 147 

recombinant, 180, 184, 188 
repetitive, 152-153 
“selfish,” 153 
sequence of, 129-130 
DNA replication, 125-128 
Dominant trait, 40-48 
examples of, 53 
Double helix, 123-125 



211 



K coli, see Escherichia coli 
Eco-Ri enzyme, 182-183 
Egg, 29 

chromosomes in, 61-62 
mammalian, 27-29 
Empedocles,46 

Endonuclease, restriction, 182 . 
Engineering, genetic, 179-195, 206-209 
Environment, 206, 208 
Enzyme Eco-Ri, 182-183 
Enzymes, 112-116, 129, 181 
“clipping,” 127 
digestive, 112 
genes and, 114-116 
“inducible,” 171 
"snipping,” 126-127 
Escherichia coli (E. coli), 100-102, 
185-186, 192-193 
histidine and, 172-174 
lactose and, 16^171 
replication, 126 
Eucaryotes, 144-148 
Experiments on humans, 196-199, 
202-205 

Extinction, species, 206-208 

Fertility magic, 9 
Fertilization, 29 
plant, 31 

Flippase gene, 176 
Flowers, 30-31 
Franklin, Rosalind, 121 



Gametes, 61 

Gene cloning, 185-188, 193 
Gene expression, 174 
Gene mapmaking, 69-78 
Gene mutation, 79-83, 158-161 
Gene regulation, 164-178 
Gene splicing, 180-184 
Gene suppression, 174 
Gene swapping, 71, 76-77 
Gene therapy, 203 
Generation, spontaneous, 20-23 
Genes, 42, 54, 96 
bacterial, 201 

on chromosomes, 67, 69-71 
dominant and recessive, 40-48, 53 
enzymes and, 114-116 
flippase, 176 
jumping. 175-178 



partial, 178 
sex-linked, 91-95 
Genetic code, 134-13?* *45 
Genetic code table, 135 
Genetic diversity, 206-208 
Genetic engineering, 179-195, 206-209 
Genetic engineering company, 189 
Genetic research, peas in, 38-49 
Geneticists, 32 
Genetics, practical, 6 
Genotype, 49 
Gilbert, Walter, 171 
Glucose, 104 
Glycine, 109 
Gonick, Larry, 215 
Griffith, Fred, 116-117 
Growth hormone, human, 188 
Guanine, 120, 122 
Guanine “cap,” 146 

Haploid organisms, 68, 89 
Harvey, William, 27-28 
Helix, double, 123-125 
Hemoglobin, 108, 158-159, 197-199 
Hemophilia, 91, 94-95, 200 
Hereditary baldness, 91-93 
Hereditary traits, 54 
Heredity, theories of, 12 
Hertwig, Oscar, 29 
Heterozygote, 49-52 
Hippocrates, 13 
Histidine, 172-174 
Homolog, 64 

Homologous pairs, 62-64, 67 
Homozygote, 49, 51 
Hooke, Robert, 56 
Human growth hormone, 188 
Humans, experiments on, 196-199, 
202-205 
Hybrids, 33-34 
Mendel and, 39 
Hydrogen, 104 
Hydrogen bonding, 122 

Immunodeficiency diseases, 200 
Independent assortment, principle of, 48, 
70 

“Inducible” enzymes, 171 
Inheritance, 11 
Insulin, 188 
Interferon, 188 
Introns, 148 



212 




Jacob, Francis, 166-167, 169 
Jacob’s flock, 9-10, 33, 50 
Jumping genes, 175-178 
“Junk”DNA, 147 

Karyotype, 88 
Kleinfelter’s female, 87 

Lactose, 166-171 
Leader sequence, 173 
Leewenhoek, Anton van, 23-26 
Leudne, 109 
Ligase, 184 

“Like begets like” notion, 6, 10 
Lipids, 105 

Loops, mRNA, 147-148 

Macromolectiles, 104-105 
Magic, 8-10 
fertility, 9 
sympathetic, 10 
Mammalian egg, 27-29 
Mapmaking, gene, 69-78 
Madne worm Bonellia, 90 
Marrow cell, 163 
Mating, 5 • 

Meiosis, 63-64, 86 
faulty, 87 

Mendel, Gregor, 37-48, 55 
hybrids and, 39 
prindpal results, 54 
“Messenger molecule,” 131 
Messenger RNA, see mRNA entries 
Methionine, 140 
Mice, “waltzing,” 11 
Microscope, 23-24 
Mitosis, 59-60 
Mold, Neurospora, 114-115 
Molecules, 104-105 
Monod, Jacques, 166-167, 169 
mRNA (messenger RNA), 133, 139, 142, 
143,149,173 
editing of, 157 
mRNA loops, 147-148 
Muller, Hermann, 82 
Muller>Hill, B., 171 
Mutagens, 82 

Mutation, gene, 79-83, 158-161 

Nerve cells, 98 
Neurospora mold, 114-115 
Nirenberg, Marshall, 134 



Nitrogen; 104 
Nuclear membrane, 146 
Nucldc acids, 106-107, 154 
Nucleosome core, 150 
Nucleotides, 106, 126-127, *48 
Nucleus, cell, 58, 144 

Operator, 169-170 
Operon, 167, 173*174 
Origin, 126 
Ovary, 31 
Oxygen, 104 

Partial genes, 178 
Pasteur, Louis, 57 
Patents, 191 

Peas in genetic research, 38-49 
People 
cloning, 203 
primitive, 1-4 
Peptide, no 
Perutz, Max, 108 
Phenotype, 49 
Phenylalanine, 109, 134 
Phosphate, 104, 106, 107 
Phosphorus, 104 
Plant sex, 30-31 
Plasmids, 185 
Pneumococcus. 116-117 
Pollen, 31 
Pollination, 8 
Poly-A tail, 146 
Polypeptide, 110 
Polyploid organisms, 68 
Polysaccharides, 105 
Primitive people, 1-4 
Principle 

of complementarity, 124, 128 
. of independent assortment, 48, 70 
Procaryotes, 144-145 
Productive crops, 7 
Promoter region, 167^69 
Protein chdn, 110 ' 

Protein coat, 154 
Protein synthesis, 133 
Proteins, 106, 108-113, 129 
“chaperone,” 129 
Protozoa, 57, 90 

Recessive allele, 81 
Recessive genes, 200 
Recessive traits, 40-41, 161 
examples of, 53 



213 



“Recombinant” chromosomes, ^6 
Recombinant DNA, i8o, 184, 188 
Red blood cells, 98, 163 
Redi, Francesco, 22 
Repetitive DNA, 152-153 
Replication 
DNA, 125-128 
E. coli, 126 

Repressive tolerance, 157 
Rq>ressor, 169-171 
Reproduction, v, 3-5 
Restriction endonuclease, 182 
Retrovirus, 156 

Ribcmucleic acid, see RNA entries 
Ribose, 106, 132 

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 138, 143 
Ribosome, 13^143 
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 107, 132 
messenger, see mRNA entries 
ribosomal, 138, 143 
transfer, see tRNA 

RNA polymerase, 133, 167-168, 173-174 
rRNA (ribosomal RNA), 138, 143 

Selective breeding, 6 
“Selfish” DNA, 153 * 

Semen, 13, 14, 25-26 
Sequence 
of base pairs, 130 
of DNA, 129-130 
Sex, 4-5 

determination of, 84-87 
plant, 30-31 
Sex-linked genes, 91-95 
Sickle-cell anemia, 200 
“Snipping” enzyme, 126-127 
Socrates, 12 
Somatic cells, 83 
Species extinction, 206-208 
Sperm, 25-26, 28, 29 
chromosomes in, 61-62 
spindle, 59, 63 
Splicing, gene, 180-184 
Spliceosome, 147 
Spontaneous generation, 20-23 
Sports, 34-35. 52 

Square, crossing, 44-45. 48, 73~74. 93 
Stable varieties, 33 
Starch, 105 
Stigma, 31 



“Stop” signals, 135, 141 
Sugars, 104-107 
Sulfur, 104 
Sunbathing, 83 
Sutton, William, 62, 66 
Sympathetic magic, 10 

Tatum, Edward, 114 
“Test tube babies,” 202-203 
Tetrads, 63 

Thalassemia, 159, 161, 197, 200-201 
Thymine, 120, 122 
Transcription, 133, 148, 173 
Transfer RNA, see tRNA 
Transforming factor, 118 
Transgenic animals, 201, 202 
“Translator” molecules, 131 
Transposons, 177 

tRNA (transfer RNA), 136-137, 138, 
139-141, 143 
Tryptophan, 109 
Tschermak, Erich von, 65-66 
Turner’s female, 87 

Ultraviolet light, 83 
Uracil, 132 

Varieties, stable, 33 
Vector, 185 

Victoria, Queen of England, 94-95 
Vini^, 154-157 

“Waltzing” mice, 11 
Warfare, biological, 194-195 
Water, 104 

Watson, James, 122-125 
Wheelis, Mark, 215 
Worm, marine, Bonellia, 90 

X chromosome, 85-89, 91-93 
X-rays, 82 
Xenophon, 11 
XXY syndrome, 87 
XYY karyotype, 88 

Y chromosome, 85-89, 91-93 
Yeast, 187 

Zygote, 61 



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